Babaie Javad, Ahmadi Ayat, Abdollahi Gholamreza, Doshmangir Leila
Department of Health Policy& Management, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Centre, School of Management & Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
BMC Public Health. 2021 Feb 26;21(1):344. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10306-w.
Water pipe smoking (WPS) is re-gaining widespread use and popularity among various groups of people, especially adolescents. Despite different adverse health effects of WPS, many of the WPS interventions have failed to control this type of tobacco smoking. This study was conducted to identify experienced management interventions in preventing and controlling WPS worldwide.
A systematic literature review was conducted. Electronic databases were searched for recordes which were published from beginning 1990 to August 2018. Studies aiming at evaluating, at least, one intervention in preventing and controlling WPS were included in this review, followed by performing the quality assessment and data extraction of eligible studies by two independent investigators. Finally, interventions that were identified from the content analysis process were discussed and classified into relevant categories.
After deleting duplications, 2228 out of 4343 retrieved records remained and 38 studies were selected as the main corpus of the present study. Then, the identified 27 interventions were grouped into four main categories including preventive (5, 18.51%) and control (8, 29.62%) interventions, as well as the enactment and implementation of legislations and policies for controlling WPS at national (7, 25.92%) and international (7, 25.92%) levels.
The current enforced legislations for preventing and controlling WPS are not supported by rigorous evidence. Informed school-based interventions, especially among adolescents can lead to promising results in preventing and controlling WPS and decreasing the effects of this important social and health crisis in the global arena.
水烟吸食（WPS）在各类人群尤其是青少年中再度广泛流行。尽管水烟吸食存在不同的健康不良影响，但许多水烟吸食干预措施未能控制这种吸烟类型。本研究旨在确定全球范围内预防和控制水烟吸食的有效管理干预措施。
进行了一项系统的文献综述。检索了1990年初至2018年8月发表的电子数据库记录。本综述纳入了旨在评估至少一种预防和控制水烟吸食干预措施的研究，随后由两名独立研究人员对符合条件的研究进行质量评估和数据提取。最后，对内容分析过程中确定的干预措施进行了讨论并归类到相关类别中。
在删除重复记录后，4343条检索记录中剩下2228条，38项研究被选为本次研究的主要主体。然后，确定的27项干预措施被分为四大类，包括预防性干预措施（5项，18.51%）和控制性干预措施（8项，29.62%），以及国家（7项，25.92%）和国际（7项，25.92%）层面控制水烟吸食的法律法规的制定和实施。
目前用于预防和控制水烟吸食的强制性法律法规缺乏有力证据支持。基于学校的明智干预措施，尤其是针对青少年的干预措施，在预防和控制水烟吸食以及减少这一重要社会和健康危机在全球范围内的影响方面可能会取得有希望的成果。
