School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
Brief Bioinform. 2021 Mar 22;22(2):1499-1507. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbab056.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is thought to release its RNA genome at either the cell surface or within endosomes, the balance being dependent on spike protein stability, and the complement of receptors, co-receptors and proteases. To investigate possible mediators of pH-dependence, pKa calculations have been made on a set of structures for spike protein ectodomain and fragments from SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. Dominating a heat map of the aggregated predictions, three histidine residues in S2 are consistently predicted as destabilizing in pre-fusion (all three) and post-fusion (two of the three) structures. Other predicted features include the more moderate energetics of surface salt-bridge interactions and sidechain-mainchain interactions. Two aspartic acid residues in partially buried salt-bridges (D290-R273 and R355-D398) have pKas that are calculated to be elevated and destabilizing in more open forms of the spike trimer. These aspartic acids are most stabilized in a tightly closed conformation that has been observed when linoleic acid is bound, and which also affects the interactions of D614. The D614G mutation is known to modulate the balance of closed to open trimer. It is suggested that D398 in particular contributes to a pH-dependence of the open/closed equilibrium, potentially coupled to the effects of linoleic acid binding and D614G mutation, and possibly also A570D mutation. These observations are discussed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, mutagenesis studies, and other human coronaviruses.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)是导致 2019 年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行的病原体,据认为它可以在细胞表面或内体中释放其 RNA 基因组,这种平衡取决于刺突蛋白的稳定性以及受体、共受体和蛋白酶的组成。为了研究可能的 pH 依赖性介质,我们对一组 SARS-CoV-2 和其他冠状病毒的刺突蛋白外域结构和片段进行了 pKa 计算。在汇总预测的热图中,S2 中的三个组氨酸残基在融合前(全部三个)和融合后(三个中的两个)结构中一直被预测为不稳定。其他预测的特征包括表面盐桥相互作用和侧链-主链相互作用的中等能量学。部分埋藏盐桥中的两个天冬氨酸残基(D290-R273 和 R355-D398)的 pKas 被计算为在更开放的刺突三聚体形式中升高和不稳定。当结合亚油酸时,观察到这些天冬氨酸残基最稳定在紧密封闭的构象中,这也会影响 D614 的相互作用。D614G 突变已知会调节封闭到开放三聚体的平衡。有人提出,特别是 D398 有助于开放/封闭平衡的 pH 依赖性,可能与亚油酸结合和 D614G 突变的影响以及可能的 A570D 突变相关。这些观察结果在 SARS-CoV-2 感染、诱变研究和其他人类冠状病毒的背景下进行了讨论。