从无人驾驶的困境到更实用的自动化车辆常识性测试。
From driverless dilemmas to more practical commonsense tests for automated vehicles.
机构信息
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
出版信息
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Mar 16;118(11). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2010202118.
For the first time in history, automated vehicles (AVs) are being deployed in populated environments. This unprecedented transformation of our everyday lives demands a significant undertaking: endowing complex autonomous systems with ethically acceptable behavior. We outline how one prominent, ethically relevant component of AVs-driving behavior-is inextricably linked to stakeholders in the technical, regulatory, and social spheres of the field. Whereas humans are presumed (rightly or wrongly) to have the "common sense" to behave ethically in new driving situations beyond a standard driving test, AVs do not (and probably should not) enjoy this presumption. We examine, at a high level, how to test the common sense of an AV. We start by reviewing discussions of "driverless dilemmas," adaptions of the traditional "trolley dilemmas" of philosophy that have sparked discussion on AV ethics but have limited use to the technical and legal spheres. Then, we explain how to substantially change the premises and features of these dilemmas (while preserving their behavioral diagnostic spirit) in order to lay the foundations for a more practical and relevant framework that tests driving common sense as an integral part of road rules testing.
历史上首次，自动驾驶汽车（AV）正在人口密集的环境中投入使用。我们日常生活的这一前所未有的转变需要一项重大任务：为复杂的自主系统赋予符合道德规范的行为。我们概述了自动驾驶汽车中一个突出的、与道德相关的组成部分——驾驶行为——如何与技术、监管和社会领域的利益相关者紧密相连。人类被认为（无论对错）在超出标准驾驶测试的新驾驶情况下具有合乎道德的“常识”，而自动驾驶汽车则不具备（也可能不应该具备）这种假定。我们在较高的层面上探讨了如何测试自动驾驶汽车的常识。我们首先回顾了对“无人驾驶困境”的讨论，这些困境是对传统哲学“电车困境”的改编，引发了对自动驾驶汽车伦理的讨论，但对技术和法律领域的应用有限。然后，我们解释了如何实质性地改变这些困境的前提和特征（同时保留其行为诊断精神），以便为更实用和相关的框架奠定基础，将驾驶常识作为道路规则测试的一个组成部分进行测试。
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