Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.
Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology & Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Toxins (Basel). 2021 Feb 22;13(2):166. doi: 10.3390/toxins13020166.
Mycotoxin contamination of feed does not only cut across food and feed value chains but compromises animal productivity and health, affecting farmers, traders and consumers alike. To aid in the development of a sustainable strategy for mycotoxin control in animal-based food production systems, this study focused on smallholder farming systems where 77 dairy cattle feed samples were collected from 28 smallholder dairy establishments in the Limpopo and Free State provinces of South Africa between 2018 and 2019. Samples were analyzed using a confirmatory UHPLC-MS/MS (Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method validated for simultaneous detection of 23 mycotoxins in feeds. Overall, mycotoxins assessed were detected across samples with 86% of samples containing at least one mycotoxin above respective decision limits; up to 66% of samples were found to be contaminated with at least three mycotoxins. Findings demonstrated that deoxynivalenol, sterigmatocystin, alternariol and enniatin B were the most common mycotoxins, while low to marginal detection rates were observed for all other mycotoxins with none of the samples containing fusarenon-X, HT-2-toxin and neosolaniol. Isolated cases of deoxynivalenol (maximum: 2385 µg/kg), aflatoxins (AFB (maximum: 30.2 µg/kg)/AFG (maximum: 23.1 µg/kg)), and zearalenone (maximum: 1793 µg/kg) in excess of local and European regulatory limits were found. Kruskal-Wallis testing for pairwise comparisons showed commercial feed had significantly higher contamination for deoxynivalenol and its acylated derivatives, ochratoxin A and fumonisins (FB and FB), whereas forages had significantly higher alternariol; in addition to significantly higher fumonisin B contamination for Limpopo coupled with significantly higher enniatin B and sterigmatocystin for Free State. Statistically significant Spearman correlations ( < 0.01) were also apparent for ratios for deoxynivalenol/fumonisin B (r = 0.587) and zearalenone/alternariol methylether (r = 0.544).
饲料中的真菌毒素污染不仅贯穿了食品和饲料价值链，还损害了动物的生产力和健康，影响了农民、贸易商和消费者。为了帮助制定动物源性食品生产系统中真菌毒素控制的可持续战略，本研究集中于小农经营系统，在 2018 年至 2019 年期间，从南非林波波省和自由州的 28 个小农奶制品场收集了 77 份奶牛饲料样本。使用经过验证的 UHPLC-MS/MS（超高效液相色谱-串联质谱）方法对样本进行分析，该方法可同时检测饲料中的 23 种真菌毒素。总体而言，在所评估的真菌毒素中，有 86%的样本中至少有一种真菌毒素超过各自的决策限；多达 66%的样本被发现至少受到三种真菌毒素的污染。研究结果表明，脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、桔青霉素、交链孢酚和恩镰孢菌素 B 是最常见的真菌毒素，而其他所有真菌毒素的检测率较低，且均未检出伏马菌素-X、HT-2 毒素和新茄病镰刀菌烯醇。个别样本中存在脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（最高值：2385µg/kg）、黄曲霉毒素（AFB（最高值：30.2µg/kg）/AFG（最高值：23.1µg/kg））和玉米赤霉烯酮（最高值：1793µg/kg），超过了当地和欧洲的监管限值。Kruskal-Wallis 检验用于成对比较，结果表明，商业饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其酰化衍生物、赭曲霉毒素 A 和伏马菌素（FB 和 FB）的污染显著更高，而饲草中交链孢酚的污染显著更高；此外，林波波省的伏马菌素 B 污染显著更高，而自由州的恩镰孢菌素 B 和桔青霉素污染显著更高。还存在具有统计学意义的斯皮尔曼相关性（<0.01），如脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇/伏马菌素 B（r=0.587）和玉米赤霉烯酮/交链孢酚甲醚（r=0.544）的比值。
