VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland.
Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland.
Sensors (Basel). 2021 Feb 23;21(4):1553. doi: 10.3390/s21041553.
Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) can be measured by force plates or instrumented treadmills, but their application is limited to indoor environments. Insoles remove this restriction but suffer from low durability (several hundred hours). Therefore, interest in the indirect estimation of vGRF using inertial measurement units and machine learning techniques has increased. This paper presents a methodology for indirectly estimating vGRF and other features used in gait analysis from measurements of a wearable GPS-aided inertial navigation system (INS/GPS) device. A set of 27 features was extracted from the INS/GPS data. Feature analysis showed that six of these features suffice to provide precise estimates of 11 different gait parameters. Bagged ensembles of regression trees were then trained and used for predicting gait parameters for a dataset from the test subject from whom the training data were collected and for a dataset from a subject for whom no training data were available. The prediction accuracies for the latter were significantly worse than for the first subject but still sufficiently good. -nearest neighbor (NN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks were then used for predicting vGRF and ground contact times. The NN yielded a lower normalized root mean square error than the neural network for vGRF predictions but cannot detect new patterns in force curves.
垂直地面反作用力(vGRF)可以通过力量板或仪器化跑步机来测量,但它们的应用仅限于室内环境。鞋垫消除了这种限制,但耐用性低(几百小时)。因此,使用惯性测量单元和机器学习技术间接估计 vGRF 的兴趣有所增加。本文提出了一种从可穿戴 GPS 辅助惯性导航系统(INS/GPS)设备的测量中间接估计 vGRF 和其他用于步态分析的特征的方法。从 INS/GPS 数据中提取了一组 27 个特征。特征分析表明,其中六个特征足以提供 11 个不同步态参数的精确估计。然后,对袋装回归树集成进行了训练,并用于预测从训练数据采集者的测试对象的数据集中的步态参数,以及从没有训练数据的对象的数据集中的步态参数。后一组的预测精度明显低于第一组,但仍然足够好。然后,使用最近邻(NN)和长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络来预测 vGRF 和地面接触时间。NN 产生的 vGRF 预测归一化均方根误差低于神经网络,但不能检测力曲线中的新模式。