Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States.
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Cytokine. 2021 Jun;142:155479. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155479. Epub 2021 Mar 4.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine most well-known for maturation and mobilization of bone marrow neutrophils. Although it is used therapeutically to treat chemotherapy induced neutropenia, it is also highly expressed in some tumors. Case reports suggest that tumors expressing high levels of G-CSF are aggressive, more difficult to treat, and present with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Research on this topic suggests that G-CSF has tumor-promoting effects on both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. G-CSF has a direct effect on tumor cells to promote tumor stem cell longevity and overall tumor cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, it may promote pro-tumorigenic immune cell phenotypes such as M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and regulatory T cells. Overall, the literature suggests a plethora of pro-tumorigenic activity that should be balanced with the therapeutic use. In this review, we present an overview of the multiple complex roles of G-CSF and G-CSFR in tumors and their microenvironment and discuss how clinical advances and strategies may open new therapeutic avenues.
粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）是一种细胞因子，最著名的作用是促进骨髓中性粒细胞的成熟和动员。尽管它被用于治疗化疗引起的中性粒细胞减少症，但它在一些肿瘤中也高度表达。病例报告表明，表达高水平 G-CSF 的肿瘤具有侵袭性，更难治疗，预后不良，死亡率高。该主题的研究表明，G-CSF 对肿瘤细胞和肿瘤微环境都具有促肿瘤作用。G-CSF 对肿瘤细胞有直接作用，可促进肿瘤干细胞的长寿和肿瘤细胞的整体增殖和迁移。此外，它可能促进促肿瘤免疫细胞表型，如 M2 巨噬细胞、髓系来源的抑制细胞和调节性 T 细胞。总的来说，文献表明存在大量的促肿瘤活性，这需要与治疗用途相平衡。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了 G-CSF 和 G-CSFR 在肿瘤及其微环境中的多种复杂作用，并讨论了临床进展和策略如何为新的治疗途径开辟道路。
