Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
J Drug Target. 2021 Nov;29(9):941-959. doi: 10.1080/1061186X.2021.1895818. Epub 2021 Mar 11.
Bacterial infections are an important cause of mortality worldwide owing to the prevalence of drug resistant bacteria. Bacteria develop resistance against antimicrobial drugs by several mechanisms such as enzyme inactivation, reduced cell permeability, modifying target site or enzyme, enhanced efflux because of high expression of efflux pumps, biofilm formation or drug-resistance gene expression. New and alternative ways such as nanoparticle (NP) applications are being established to overcome the growing multidrug-resistance in bacteria. NPs have unique antimicrobial characteristics that make them appropriate for medical application to overcome antibiotic resistance. The proposed antibacterial mechanisms of NPs are cell membrane damage, changing cell wall penetration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, effect on DNA and proteins, and impact on biofilm formation. The present review mainly focuses on discussing various mechanisms of bacterial drug resistance and the applications of NPs as alternative antibacterial systems. Combination therapy of NPs and antibiotics as a novel approach in medicine towards antimicrobial resistance is also discussed.
细菌感染是全球范围内导致死亡率的一个重要原因，这是由于耐药菌的普遍存在。细菌通过多种机制对抗菌药物产生耐药性，例如酶失活、细胞通透性降低、改变靶位或酶、由于高表达外排泵而增强外排、生物膜形成或耐药基因表达。正在建立新的替代方法，如纳米粒子 (NP) 的应用，以克服细菌日益增长的多药耐药性。纳米粒子具有独特的抗菌特性，使其适合于医疗应用以克服抗生素耐药性。纳米粒子的拟议抗菌机制包括细胞膜损伤、改变细胞壁穿透、活性氧 (ROS) 产生、对 DNA 和蛋白质的影响以及对生物膜形成的影响。本综述主要集中讨论细菌耐药性的各种机制以及纳米粒子作为替代抗菌系统的应用。还讨论了纳米粒子和抗生素联合治疗作为医学中对抗微生物耐药性的一种新方法。
