Combined lesion-deficit and fMRI approaches in single-case studies: Unique contributions to cognitive neuroscience.

Although lesion-deficit case studies are foundational in cognitive neuroscience, published papers presenting single lesion cases are declining. In this review, we argue that there is a valuable place for single-case lesion-deficit research, especially when combined with functional neuroimaging methods, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To support this, we present a summary of notable findings from single-case combined lesion-deficit and fMRI studies published in recent years (2017-2020). These studies show the unique value that this combined approach brings to the understanding of complex functions, brain-level connectivity, and plasticity and recovery. We encourage researchers to consider combining lesion-deficit and functional imaging methods in the analysis of single cases, as this approach affords unique opportunities to address challenging unanswered questions about brain-behavior relationships.