Menaa Farid, Fatemeh Yazdian, Vashist Sandeep K, Iqbal Haroon, Sharts Olga N, Menaa Bouzid
Department of Nanomedicine and Fluoro-Carbon Spectroscopy, Fluorotronics, Inc and California Innovations Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA.
Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Biomed Eng Comput Biol. 2021 Feb 24;12:1179597220983821. doi: 10.1177/1179597220983821. eCollection 2021.
Graphene, a relatively new two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, possesses unique structure (e.g. lighter, harder, and more flexible than steel) and tunable physicochemical (e.g. electronical, optical) properties with potentially wide eco-friendly and cost-effective usage in biosensing. Furthermore, graphene-related nanomaterials (e.g. graphene oxide, doped graphene, carbon nanotubes) have inculcated tremendous interest among scientists and industrials for the development of innovative biosensing platforms, such as arrays, sequencers and other nanooptical/biophotonic sensing systems (e.g. FET, FRET, CRET, GERS). Indeed, combinatorial functionalization approaches are constantly improving the overall properties of graphene, such as its sensitivity, stability, specificity, selectivity, and response for potential bioanalytical applications. These include real-time multiplex detection, tracking, qualitative, and quantitative characterization of molecules (i.e. analytes [HO, urea, nitrite, ATP or NADH]; ions [Hg, Pb, or Cu]; biomolecules (DNA, iRNA, peptides, proteins, vitamins or glucose; disease biomarkers such as genetic alterations in BRCA1, p53) and cells (cancer cells, stem cells, bacteria, or viruses). However, there is still a paucity of comparative reports that critically evaluate the relative toxicity of carbon nanoallotropes in humans. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the biosensing applications of graphene and its derivatives (i.e. GO and rGO). Prospects and challenges are also introduced.
石墨烯是一种相对较新的二维纳米材料，具有独特的结构（例如比钢更轻、更硬且更灵活）以及可调节的物理化学性质（例如电学、光学性质），在生物传感领域具有潜在的广泛环保且经济高效的用途。此外，与石墨烯相关的纳米材料（例如氧化石墨烯、掺杂石墨烯、碳纳米管）在科学家和工业界中引发了极大的兴趣，用于开发创新的生物传感平台，如阵列、测序仪和其他纳米光学/生物光子传感系统（例如场效应晶体管、荧光共振能量转移、化学共振能量转移、石墨烯增强拉曼光谱）。事实上，组合功能化方法不断改善石墨烯的整体性能，例如其灵敏度、稳定性、特异性、选择性以及对潜在生物分析应用的响应。这些应用包括分子（即分析物[过氧化氢、尿素、亚硝酸盐、三磷酸腺苷或烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸]；离子[汞、铅或铜]；生物分子（脱氧核糖核酸、干扰核糖核酸、肽、蛋白质、维生素或葡萄糖；疾病生物标志物，如乳腺癌1号基因、抑癌基因p53的基因改变））和细胞（癌细胞、干细胞、细菌或病毒）的实时多重检测、追踪、定性和定量表征。然而，仍然缺乏严格评估碳纳米同素异形体对人类相对毒性的比较报告。本文全面综述了石墨烯及其衍生物（即氧化石墨烯和还原氧化石墨烯）的生物传感应用。同时也介绍了前景和挑战。
