Bagheri-Gavkosh Mehdi, Hosseini Seiyed Mossa, Ataie-Ashtiani Behzad, Sohani Yasamin, Ebrahimian Homa, Morovat Faezeh, Ashrafi Shervin
Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran.
Physical Geography Department, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6465, Tehran, Iran.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jul 15;778:146193. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146193. Epub 2021 Mar 8.
This study presents a comprehensive review of the Land subsidence (LS) cases, as a worldwide environmental, geological, and global geohazard concern. Here, 290 case studies around the world mostly conducted in large metropolitan cities (e.g. Bangkok, Beijing, California, Houston, Mexico City, Shanghai, Jakarta, and Tokyo) in 41 countries were collected. The spatial distribution of LS characteristics (e.g. intensity, magnitude, and affected area), impacts, and influential factors are scrutinized. Worldwide attempts to remedy the crisis of LS were also investigated in this review. It is shown that the coastal plains and river deltaic regions are of high-frequent subsided areas around the world (47% of 290 study areas). The spaceborne monitoring of LS is the more prevalent technique ( 38% of total cases) compared to the ground-investigation (e.g. geological surveying, leveling, GPS, and modeling). Human-induced LS cases are 76.92% of all the LS cases around the world and groundwater extraction contributes 59.75% of these cases. Strong direct correlations with the exponential trend are observed between the average LS rate (LS) with groundwater withdrawal (R = 0.950) and groundwater level decline (R = 0.888). To understand the influential factors on LS occurrences, the relationship of LS rate with climate factors, hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer, human-induced factors are investigated. Finally, we provide future research guidelines and implications that need to be expanded in order to better monitor and reduce the impact of the LS phenomenon. The outcomes of this study can be used to derive a framework helpful for interpreting the observed LS phenomena and for forecasting future situations to mitigate or control this geohazard.
本研究对地面沉降（LS）案例进行了全面综述，这是一个全球范围内环境、地质和全球地质灾害问题。在此，收集了全球41个国家的290个案例研究，这些研究大多在大城市（如曼谷、北京、加利福尼亚、休斯顿、墨西哥城、上海、雅加达和东京）开展。对地面沉降特征（如强度、量级和受影响区域）的空间分布、影响及影响因素进行了详细审查。本综述还调查了全球范围内应对地面沉降危机的尝试。结果表明，沿海平原和河流三角洲地区是全球地面沉降高发区（占290个研究区域的约47%）。与地面调查（如地质勘查、水准测量、全球定位系统和建模）相比，星载地面沉降监测是更普遍的技术（占总案例的约38%）。人为导致的地面沉降案例占全球所有地面沉降案例的76.92%，其中地下水开采导致的案例占这些案例的59.75%。地面沉降平均速率（LS）与地下水抽取量（R = 0.950）和地下水位下降（R = 0.888）之间呈现出与指数趋势的强直接相关性。为了解地面沉降发生的影响因素，研究了地面沉降速率与气候因素、含水层水文地质特征、人为因素之间的关系。最后，我们提供了未来需要拓展的研究指南和启示，以便更好地监测和减少地面沉降现象的影响。本研究结果可用于推导一个有助于解释观测到的地面沉降现象并预测未来情况以减轻或控制这种地质灾害的框架。
