Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2021 Jul;31(4):585-605. doi: 10.1038/s41370-021-00297-6. Epub 2021 Mar 16.
The increased use of radiofrequency (RF) fields above 6 GHz, particularly for the 5 G mobile phone network, has given rise to public concern about any possible adverse effects to human health. Public exposure to RF fields from 5 G and other sources is below the human exposure limits specified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). This state-of-the science review examined the research into the biological and health effects of RF fields above 6 GHz at exposure levels below the ICNIRP occupational limits. The review included 107 experimental studies that investigated various bioeffects including genotoxicity, cell proliferation, gene expression, cell signalling, membrane function and other effects. Reported bioeffects were generally not independently replicated and the majority of the studies employed low quality methods of exposure assessment and control. Effects due to heating from high RF energy deposition cannot be excluded from many of the results. The review also included 31 epidemiological studies that investigated exposure to radar, which uses RF fields above 6 GHz similar to 5 G. The epidemiological studies showed little evidence of health effects including cancer at different sites, effects on reproduction and other diseases. This review showed no confirmed evidence that low-level RF fields above 6 GHz such as those used by the 5 G network are hazardous to human health. Future experimental studies should improve the experimental design with particular attention to dosimetry and temperature control. Future epidemiological studies should continue to monitor long-term health effects in the population related to wireless telecommunications.
随着 6GHz 以上射频(RF)场的使用增加,特别是 5G 移动电话网络的使用,公众对其可能对人类健康造成的任何不利影响表示担忧。公众接触 5G 和其他来源的 RF 场低于国际非电离辐射防护委员会(ICNIRP)规定的人体接触限值。本科学审查研究了 6GHz 以上射频场在低于 ICNIRP 职业限值的暴露水平下的生物学和健康影响。该审查包括 107 项实验研究,研究了包括遗传毒性、细胞增殖、基因表达、细胞信号转导、膜功能和其他影响在内的各种生物效应。报告的生物效应通常没有独立重复,并且大多数研究采用了暴露评估和控制的低质量方法。由于高射频能量沉积引起的加热效应,许多结果都无法排除。该审查还包括 31 项流行病学研究,这些研究调查了雷达暴露情况,雷达使用的 RF 场与 5G 类似,高于 6GHz。流行病学研究表明,在不同部位、生殖和其他疾病方面,健康影响的证据很少。本综述没有证实的证据表明,像 5G 网络使用的那样,6GHz 以上的低水平 RF 场对人类健康有害。未来的实验研究应改进实验设计,特别注意剂量测定和温度控制。未来的流行病学研究应继续监测与无线电信相关的人群的长期健康影响。
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