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5G 移动网络与健康——高于 6GHz 的极低频射频场的研究现状综述。

5G mobile networks and health-a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz.

机构信息

Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

出版信息

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2021 Jul;31(4):585-605. doi: 10.1038/s41370-021-00297-6. Epub 2021 Mar 16.


DOI:10.1038/s41370-021-00297-6
PMID:33727687
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8263336/
Abstract

The increased use of radiofrequency (RF) fields above 6 GHz, particularly for the 5 G mobile phone network, has given rise to public concern about any possible adverse effects to human health. Public exposure to RF fields from 5 G and other sources is below the human exposure limits specified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). This state-of-the science review examined the research into the biological and health effects of RF fields above 6 GHz at exposure levels below the ICNIRP occupational limits. The review included 107 experimental studies that investigated various bioeffects including genotoxicity, cell proliferation, gene expression, cell signalling, membrane function and other effects. Reported bioeffects were generally not independently replicated and the majority of the studies employed low quality methods of exposure assessment and control. Effects due to heating from high RF energy deposition cannot be excluded from many of the results. The review also included 31 epidemiological studies that investigated exposure to radar, which uses RF fields above 6 GHz similar to 5 G. The epidemiological studies showed little evidence of health effects including cancer at different sites, effects on reproduction and other diseases. This review showed no confirmed evidence that low-level RF fields above 6 GHz such as those used by the 5 G network are hazardous to human health. Future experimental studies should improve the experimental design with particular attention to dosimetry and temperature control. Future epidemiological studies should continue to monitor long-term health effects in the population related to wireless telecommunications.

摘要

随着 6GHz 以上射频(RF)场的使用增加,特别是 5G 移动电话网络的使用,公众对其可能对人类健康造成的任何不利影响表示担忧。公众接触 5G 和其他来源的 RF 场低于国际非电离辐射防护委员会(ICNIRP)规定的人体接触限值。本科学审查研究了 6GHz 以上射频场在低于 ICNIRP 职业限值的暴露水平下的生物学和健康影响。该审查包括 107 项实验研究,研究了包括遗传毒性、细胞增殖、基因表达、细胞信号转导、膜功能和其他影响在内的各种生物效应。报告的生物效应通常没有独立重复,并且大多数研究采用了暴露评估和控制的低质量方法。由于高射频能量沉积引起的加热效应,许多结果都无法排除。该审查还包括 31 项流行病学研究,这些研究调查了雷达暴露情况,雷达使用的 RF 场与 5G 类似,高于 6GHz。流行病学研究表明,在不同部位、生殖和其他疾病方面,健康影响的证据很少。本综述没有证实的证据表明,像 5G 网络使用的那样,6GHz 以上的低水平 RF 场对人类健康有害。未来的实验研究应改进实验设计,特别注意剂量测定和温度控制。未来的流行病学研究应继续监测与无线电信相关的人群的长期健康影响。

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[5]
Short-Term In Vitro Exposure of Human Blood to 5G Network Frequencies: Do Sex and Frequency Additionally Affect Erythrocyte Morphometry?

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[6]
Effects of 4.9 GHz Radiofrequency Field Exposure on Brain Metabolomic and Proteomic Characterization in Mice.

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[7]
What evidence exists on the impact of anthropogenic radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on animals and plants in the environment: a systematic map.

Environ Evid. 2023-5-11

[8]
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[9]
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[10]
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本文引用的文献

[1]
Meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies of the biological effects of low-level millimetre waves.

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2021-7

[2]
Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz).

Health Phys. 2020-5

[3]
Effect of Occupational Exposure to Radar Radiation on Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019-11-1

[4]
5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects-A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz.

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019-9-13

[5]
Long-term exposure to a 40-GHz electromagnetic field does not affect genotoxicity or heat shock protein expression in HCE-T or SRA01/04 cells.

J Radiat Res. 2019-7-1

[6]
Mobile phone use and incidence of brain tumour histological types, grading or anatomical location: a population-based ecological study.

BMJ Open. 2018-12-9

[7]
Extremely High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Facilitate Electrical Signal Propagation by Increasing Transmembrane Potassium Efflux in an Artificial Axon Model.

Sci Rep. 2018-6-18

[8]
Genotoxic Effects in Human Fibroblasts Exposed to Microwave Radiation.

Health Phys. 2018-7

[9]
Investigation of the non-thermal effects of exposing cells to 70-300 GHz irradiation using a widely tunable source.

J Radiat Res. 2018-3-1

[10]
Millimeter Wave Radiations Affect Membrane Hydration in Phosphatidylcholine Vesicles.

Materials (Basel). 2013-7-9

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