Shyaka Anselme, Ugirabe Marie Aurore, Wensman Jonas Johansson
School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Mar 4;8:651978. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.651978. eCollection 2021.
The status of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Rwanda is unknown, despite its prevalence in neighboring countries. A cross-sectional sampling of goats and sheep was carried out in five districts of Rwanda located closer to neighboring countries endemic to PPR. Serum samples were analyzed using a commercial ELISA, to detect antibodies to PPR virus (PPRV). Sixty-eight samples [14.8, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 11.7-18.4] were seropositive for PPR, of which 17.4% (95% CI: 11.6-24.6; 25/144) were from sheep, whereas 13.6% (95% CI: 10.0-17.9; 43/316) were from goats. Seropositivity ranged from 8.9 to 17.3% (goats) and from 10.5 to 25.8% (sheep) in sampled districts. Seropositivity was slightly higher in males than females in both goats (15.7 vs. 12.4%) and sheep (17.7 vs. 17.1%), and were significantly marked in goats and sheep aged more than 15 months (goats: 17.9, 95% CI: 12.9-24.0; sheep: 22.2, 95% CI: 14.1-32.2) than those between 6 and 15 months (goats: 6.1, 95% CI: 2.5-12.1; sheep: 9.3, 95% CI: 3.1-20.3). Sampling was non-randomized and results are not representative of the true prevalence of PPR antibody in small ruminants. Thus, data does not allow to fully discuss the findings beyond the presence/absence certitude and the comparisons made must be interpreted with caution. The presence of specific antibodies to PPRV may, however, be linked to one or a combination of following scenarios: (1) prevalence and persistence of PPRV in sampled regions which would cause low level of clinical cases and/or mortalities that go unnoticed; (2) introduction of PPRV to herds through movements of livestock from neighboring infected countries, and/or (3) events of disease outbreaks that are underreported by farmers and veterinarians. In addition to strengthen veterinary surveillance mechanisms, further studies using robust sampling methods and integrating livestock and wildlife, should be carried out to fully elucidate PPR epidemiology in Rwanda.
尽管小反刍兽疫在邻国流行，但卢旺达的小反刍兽疫状况尚不清楚。在卢旺达靠近小反刍兽疫流行邻国的五个地区，对山羊和绵羊进行了横断面抽样。使用商业酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）分析血清样本，以检测抗小反刍兽疫病毒（PPRV）抗体。68份样本[14.8，95%置信区间（CI）：11.7 - 18.4]小反刍兽疫血清学呈阳性，其中17.4%（95%CI：11.6 - 24.6；25/144）来自绵羊，而13.6%（95%CI：10.0 - 17.9；43/316）来自山羊。在抽样地区，山羊的血清阳性率为8.9%至17.3%，绵羊为10.5%至25.8%。在山羊（15.7%对12.4%）和绵羊（17.7%对17.1%）中，雄性的血清阳性率略高于雌性，并且在15个月以上的山羊和绵羊中（山羊：17.9，95%CI：12.9 - 24.0；绵羊：22.2，95%CI：14.1 - 32.2）血清阳性率显著高于6至15个月的山羊和绵羊（山羊：6.1，95%CI：2.5 - 12.1；绵羊：9.3，95%CI：3.1 - 20.3）。抽样是非随机的，结果不代表小反刍兽疫抗体在小反刍动物中的真实流行情况。因此，数据不允许在确定存在/不存在之外充分讨论研究结果，所做的比较必须谨慎解释。然而，抗PPRV特异性抗体的存在可能与以下一种或多种情况有关：（1）PPRV在抽样地区的流行和持续存在，这会导致低水平的临床病例和/或未被注意到的死亡率；（2）通过来自邻国感染地区的牲畜移动将PPRV引入畜群，和/或（3）农民和兽医未报告的疾病暴发事件。除了加强兽医监测机制外，还应采用可靠的抽样方法并整合牲畜和野生动物进行进一步研究，以全面阐明卢旺达的小反刍兽疫流行病学。
