School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne, 3065, Australia.
Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
Sports Med. 2021 Jul;51(7):1449-1489. doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01443-8. Epub 2021 Mar 24.
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are used for running gait analysis in a variety of sports. These sensors have been attached at various locations to capture stride data. However, it is unclear if different placement sites affect the derived outcome measures.
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of placement on the validity and reliability of IMU-derived measures of running gait.
Online databases SPORTDiscus with Full Text, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), EMBASE (Ovid) and Scopus were searched from the earliest record to 6 August 2020. Articles were included if they (1) used an IMU during running (2) reported spatiotemporal variables, peak ground reaction force (GRF) or vertical stiffness and (3) assessed validity or reliability. Meta-analyses were performed for a pooled validity estimate when (1) studies reported means and standard deviation for variables derived from the IMU and criterion (2) used the same IMU placement and (3) determined validity at a comparable running velocity (≤ 1 m·s difference).
Thirty-nine articles were included, where placement varied between the foot, tibia, hip, sacrum, lumbar spine (LS), torso and thoracic spine (TS). Initial contact, toe-off, contact time (CT), flight time (FT), step time, stride time, swing time, step frequency (SF), step length (SL), stride length, peak vertical and resultant GRF and vertical stiffness were analysed. Four variables (CT, FT, SF and SL) were meta-analysed, where CT was compared between the foot, tibia and LS placements and SF was compared between foot and LS. Foot placement data were meta-analysed for FT and SL. All data are the mean difference (MD [95%CI]). No significant difference was observed for any site compared to the criterion for CT (foot: - 11.47 ms [- 45.68, 22.74], p = 0.43; tibia: 22.34 ms [- 18.59, 63.27], p = 0.18; LS: - 48.74 ms [- 120.33, 22.85], p = 0.12), FT (foot: 11.93 ms [- 8.88, 32.74], p = 0.13), SF (foot: 0.45 step·min [- 1.75, 2.66], p = 0.47; LS: - 3.45 step·min [- 16.28, 9.39], p = 0.37) and SL (foot: 0.21 cm [- 1.76, 2.18], p = 0.69). Reliable derivations of CT (coefficient of variation [CV] < 9.9%), FT (CV < 11.6%) and SF (CV < 4.4%) were shown using foot- and LS-worn IMUs, while the CV was < 7.8% for foot-determined stride time, SL and stride length. Vertical GRF was reliable from the LS (CV = 4.2%) and TS (CV = 3.3%) using a spring-mass model, while vertical stiffness was moderately (r = 0.66) and nearly perfectly (r = 0.98) correlated with criterion measures from the TS.
Placement of IMUs on the foot, tibia and LS is suitable to derive valid and reliable stride data, suggesting measurement site may not be a critical factor. However, evidence regarding the ability to accurately detect stride events from the TS is unclear and this warrants further investigation.
惯性测量单元 (IMU) 用于在各种运动中进行跑步步态分析。这些传感器已安装在不同位置以捕获步幅数据。然而，目前尚不清楚不同的放置位置是否会影响衍生的测量结果。
本系统评价和荟萃分析旨在研究 IMU 衍生的跑步步态测量值的位置对其有效性和可靠性的影响。
从最早的记录到 2020 年 8 月 6 日，通过在线数据库 SPORTDiscus with Full Text、CINAHL Complete、MEDLINE（EBSCOhost）、EMBASE（Ovid）和 Scopus 进行搜索。如果文章（1）在跑步过程中使用 IMU；（2）报告时空变量、峰值地面反作用力 (GRF) 或垂直刚度；（3）评估有效性或可靠性，则将其纳入研究。当（1）研究报告了来自 IMU 和标准的变量的均值和标准差；（2）使用相同的 IMU 放置；（3）在可比的跑步速度（≤ 1 m·s 的差异）下确定有效性时，进行荟萃分析以获得合并有效性估计。
共纳入 39 篇文章，其中放置位置在足部、胫骨、髋部、骶骨、腰椎（LS）、躯干和胸腰椎（TS）之间变化。分析了初始接触、脚趾离地、接触时间 (CT)、离地时间 (FT)、步时、步长时间、摆动时间、步频 (SF)、步长、步长、峰值垂直和合成 GRF 和垂直刚度。对四个变量（CT、FT、SF 和 SL）进行了荟萃分析，其中 CT 分别在足部、胫骨和 LS 位置之间进行了比较，SF 分别在足部和 LS 位置之间进行了比较。对 FT 和 SL 进行了足部位置数据的荟萃分析。所有数据均为均值差异（MD [95%CI]）。与标准相比，任何位置均未观察到任何有统计学意义的差异，即 CT（足部：-11.47 ms [-45.68, 22.74]，p = 0.43；胫骨：22.34 ms [-18.59, 63.27]，p = 0.18；LS：-48.74 ms [-120.33, 22.85]，p = 0.12）、FT（足部：11.93 ms [-8.88, 32.74]，p = 0.13）、SF（足部：0.45 step·min [-1.75, 2.66]，p = 0.47；LS：-3.45 step·min [-16.28, 9.39]，p = 0.37）和 SL（足部：0.21 cm [-1.76, 2.18]，p = 0.69）。使用足部和 LS 佩戴的 IMU 可以可靠地获得 CT（变异系数 [CV] < 9.9%）、FT（CV < 11.6%）和 SF（CV < 4.4%）的衍生结果，而使用足部确定的步时、SL 和步长的 CV 均 < 7.8%。使用弹簧质量模型，LS（CV = 4.2%）和 TS（CV = 3.3%）可以可靠地获得垂直 GRF，而垂直刚度与 TS 的标准测量值呈中度（r = 0.66）和近乎完美（r = 0.98）相关。
将 IMU 放置在足部、胫骨和 LS 上适合衍生有效的和可靠的步幅数据，这表明测量位置可能不是一个关键因素。然而，目前尚不清楚从 TS 准确检测步幅事件的能力，这需要进一步研究。
