The implicit memory ability of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis.

The implicit memory ability of a patient (S.S.) with severe amnesia due to encephalitis was assessed using five independent paradigms: Perceptual priming with real words and pseudowords; Word-stem completion with and without contextual cues; Word-stem completion following presentation of high- vs. low-frequency words; Biasing of the spelling of ambiguous (homophonic) words; and Conceptual priming. On the tasks in which previously acquired knowledge could potentially be activated by a prime (e.g., perceptual priming with real words), both S.S. and the Korsakoff patients performed on a normal level. However, when new learning or new associations had to be formed prior to implicit memory testing (e.g., perceptual priming of pseudowords or contextual word-stem completion), S.S.'s implicit memory performance was superior to Korsakoff amnesics. These results suggested that new learning differentially affects the priming abilities of S.S. and alcoholic Korsakoff patients. Since S.S.'s amnesia is as severe as Korsakoff patients, it was also concluded that severity of amnesia is clearly not the sole determinant of priming capacity; etiology may be equally important.