Gardiner J M, Java R I
City University, London, England.
Mem Cognit. 1990 Jan;18(1):23-30. doi: 10.3758/bf03202642.
The functional relationship between memory and consciousness was investigated in two experiments in which subjects indicated when recognizing an item whether they could consciously recollect its prior occurrence in the study list or recognized it on some other basis, in the absence of conscious recollection. Low-frequency words, relative to high-frequency words, enhanced recognition accompanied by conscious recollection but did not influence recognition in the absence of conscious recollection. By contrast, nonwords compared with words enhanced recognition in the absence of conscious recollection and reduced recognition accompanied by conscious recollection. A third experiment showed that confidence judgments in recognizing nonword targets corresponded with recognition performance, not with recollective experience. These measures of conscious awareness therefore tap qualitatively different components of memory, not some unitary dimension such as "trace strength." The findings are interpreted as providing further support for the distinction between episodic memory and other memory systems, and also as providing more qualified support for theories that assume that recognition memory entails two components, one of which may also give rise to priming effects in implicit memory.
在两项实验中，研究了记忆与意识之间的功能关系。在实验中，受试者在识别一个项目时表明，他们是能够有意识地回忆起该项目在学习列表中先前出现的情况，还是在没有有意识回忆的情况下基于其他依据识别它。相对于高频词，低频词增强了伴有有意识回忆的识别，但在没有有意识回忆的情况下不影响识别。相比之下，与单词相比，非词在没有有意识回忆的情况下增强了识别，而在伴有有意识回忆的情况下降低了识别。第三个实验表明，对非词目标的识别信心判断与识别表现相对应，而与回忆体验无关。因此，这些有意识觉知的测量方法反映了记忆中质的不同成分，而不是某个单一维度，如“痕迹强度”。这些发现被解释为进一步支持了情景记忆与其他记忆系统之间的区别，也为那些假设识别记忆需要两个成分的理论提供了更有限的支持，其中一个成分也可能在内隐记忆中产生启动效应。
