Ubiquitin-dependent regulation of transcription in development and disease.

Transcription is an elaborate process that is required to establish and maintain the identity of the more than two hundred cell types of a metazoan organism. Strict regulation of gene expression is therefore vital for tissue formation and homeostasis. An accumulating body of work found that ubiquitylation of histones, transcription factors, or RNA polymerase II is crucial for ensuring that transcription occurs at the right time and place during development. Here, we will review principles of ubiquitin-dependent control of gene expression and discuss how breakdown of these regulatory circuits leads to a wide array of human diseases.