Ludtka Christopher, Silberman Justin, Moore Erika, Allen Josephine B
J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
NPJ Microgravity. 2021 Mar 31;7(1):13. doi: 10.1038/s41526-021-00141-z.
The effects of a microgravity environment on the myriad types of immune cells present within the human body have been assessed both by bench-scale simulation and suborbital methods, as well as in true spaceflight. Macrophages have garnered increased research interest in this context in recent years. Their functionality in both immune response and tissue remodeling makes them a unique cell to investigate in regards to gravisensitive effects as well as parameters of interest that could impact astronaut health. Here, we review and summarize the literature investigating the effects of microgravity on macrophages and monocytes regarding the microgravity environment simulation/generation methods, cell sources, experiment durations, and parameters of interest utilized within the field. We discuss reported findings on the impacts of microgravity on macrophage/monocyte structure, adhesion and migration, proliferation, genetic expression, cytokine secretion, and reactive oxygen species production, as well as polarization. Based on this body of data, we make recommendations to the field for careful consideration of experimental design to complement existing reports, as the multitude of disparate study methods previously published can make drawing direct comparisons difficult. However, the breadth of different testing methodologies can also lend itself to attempting to identify the most robust and consistent responses to microgravity across various testing conditions.
通过实验室规模模拟和亚轨道方法以及真正的太空飞行，已经评估了微重力环境对人体中存在的多种免疫细胞的影响。近年来，巨噬细胞在这方面引起了越来越多的研究兴趣。它们在免疫反应和组织重塑中的功能使其成为研究重力敏感效应以及可能影响宇航员健康的相关参数的独特细胞。在这里，我们回顾并总结了有关微重力对巨噬细胞和单核细胞影响的文献，涉及微重力环境模拟/生成方法、细胞来源、实验持续时间以及该领域内使用的相关参数。我们讨论了关于微重力对巨噬细胞/单核细胞结构、黏附与迁移、增殖、基因表达、细胞因子分泌、活性氧产生以及极化影响的已报道研究结果。基于这些数据，我们向该领域提出建议，以便仔细考虑实验设计以补充现有报告，因为先前发表的众多不同研究方法可能难以进行直接比较。然而，不同测试方法的多样性也有助于尝试确定在各种测试条件下对微重力最稳健和一致的反应。
