College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
Environ Int. 2021 Aug;153:106534. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106534. Epub 2021 Mar 30.
Poultry farms and LPMs are a reservoir of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and resistance genes from feces. The LPM is an important interface between humans, farm animals, and environments in a typical urban environment, and it is considered a reservoir for ARGs and viruses. However, the antibiotic resistomes shared between chicken farms and LPMs, and that of LPM workers and people who have no contact with the LPMs remains unknown.
We characterized the resistome and bacterial microbiome of farm chickens and LPMs and LPM workers and control subjects. The mobile ARGs identified in chickens and the distribution of the mcr-family genes in publicly bacterial genomes and chicken gut metagenomes was analyzed, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of mcr-1 in LPMs following the ban on colistin-positive additives in China was explored.
By profiling the microbiomes and resistomes in chicken farms, LPMs, LPM workers, and LPM environments, we found that the bacterial community composition and resistomes were significantly different between the farms and the LPMs, and the LPM samples possessed more diversified ARGs (59 types) than the farms. Some mobile ARGs, such as mcr-1 and tet(X3), identified in chicken farms, LPMs, LPM workers, and LPM environments were also harbored by human clinical pathogens. Moreover, we found that the resistomes were significantly different between the LPM workers and those who have no contact with the LPMs, and more diversified ARGs (188 types) were observed in the LPM workers. It is also worth noting that mcr-10 was identified in both human (5.2%, 96/1,859) and chicken (1.5%, 14/910) gut microbiomes. Although mcr-1 prevalence decreased significantly in the LPMs across the eight provinces in China, from 190/333 (57.1%) samples in September 2016-March 2017 to 208/544 (38.2%) samples in August 2018-May 2019, it is widespread and continuous in the LPMs.
Live poultry trade has a significant effect on the diversity of ARGs in LPM workers, chickens, and environments in China, driven by human selection with the live poultry trade. Our findings highlight the live poultry trade as ARG disseminators into LPMs, which serve as an interface of LPM environments even LPM workers, and that could urge Government to have better control of LPMs in China. Further studies on the factors that promote antibiotic resistance exchange between LPM environments, human commensals, and pathogens, are warranted.
家禽养殖场和农贸市场（LPM）是粪便中携带抗微生物药物耐药性细菌和耐药基因的储存库。农贸市场是典型城市环境中人类、农场动物和环境之间的重要界面，被认为是 ARG 和病毒的储存库。然而，鸡场和农贸市场之间的抗生素耐药组、农贸市场工人与未接触农贸市场的人群之间的抗生素耐药组仍不清楚。
我们对农场鸡、农贸市场和农贸市场工人以及对照人群的耐药组和细菌微生物组进行了特征描述。分析了从鸡中鉴定出的移动 ARG 及其在公开细菌基因组和鸡肠道宏基因组中的 mcr-家族基因分布情况。此外，还研究了中国禁止使用含黏菌素添加剂后，农贸市场中 mcr-1 的流行情况。
通过对鸡场、农贸市场、农贸市场工人和农贸市场环境中的微生物组和耐药组进行分析，我们发现，农场和农贸市场之间的细菌群落组成和耐药组有显著差异，农贸市场样本具有更多样化的 ARG（59 种）。在鸡场、农贸市场、农贸市场工人和农贸市场环境中发现的一些移动 ARG，如 mcr-1 和 tet(X3)，也存在于人类临床病原体中。此外，我们发现农贸市场工人和未接触农贸市场的人群之间的耐药组存在显著差异，农贸市场工人的 ARG 更多样化（188 种）。值得注意的是，mcr-10 既存在于人类（5.2%，96/1859）也存在于鸡（1.5%，14/910）肠道微生物组中。尽管 mcr-1 在全国 8 个省份的农贸市场中的流行率从 2016 年 9 月至 2017 年 3 月的 190/333（57.1%）样本下降到 2018 年 8 月至 2019 年 5 月的 208/544（38.2%）样本，但它在中国的农贸市场中仍然广泛存在且持续存在。
活禽交易通过人类对活禽交易的选择，对中国农贸市场工人、鸡和环境中的 ARG 多样性产生了重大影响。我们的研究结果强调了活禽交易是 ARG 向农贸市场传播的媒介，农贸市场即使作为农贸市场环境的界面，也可能促使政府更好地控制中国的农贸市场。需要进一步研究促进农贸市场环境、人类共生菌和病原体之间抗生素耐药性交换的因素。
