Updates in Anticoagulation Therapy Monitoring.

In the past six decades, heparin and warfarin were the primary anticoagulants prescribed for treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism worldwide. This has been accompanied by extensive clinical knowledge regarding dosing, monitoring, and reversal of these anticoagulants, and the resources required to do so have largely been readily available at small and large centers alike. However, with the advent of newer oral and parenteral anticoagulants such as low molecular weight heparins, factor Xa inhibitors, and direct thrombin inhibitors in recent years, new corresponding practice guidelines have also emerged. A notable shift in the need for monitoring and reversal agents has evolved as well. While this has perhaps streamlined the process for physicians and is often desirable for patients, it has also left a knowledge and resource gap in clinical scenarios for which urgent reversal and monitoring is necessary. An overview of the currently available anticoagulants with a focus on the guidelines and available tests for anticoagulant monitoring will be discussed in this article.