Nanoscience Center, Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Molecules. 2021 Mar 10;26(6):1502. doi: 10.3390/molecules26061502.
The predictable nature of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) interactions enables assembly of DNA into almost any arbitrary shape with programmable features of nanometer precision. The recent progress of DNA nanotechnology has allowed production of an even wider gamut of possible shapes with high-yield and error-free assembly processes. Most of these structures are, however, limited in size to a nanometer scale. To overcome this limitation, a plethora of studies has been carried out to form larger structures using DNA assemblies as building blocks or tiles. Therefore, DNA tiles have become one of the most widely used building blocks for engineering large, intricate structures with nanometer precision. To create even larger assemblies with highly organized patterns, scientists have developed a variety of structural design principles and assembly methods. This review first summarizes currently available DNA tile toolboxes and the basic principles of lattice formation and hierarchical self-assembly using DNA tiles. Special emphasis is given to the forces involved in the assembly process in liquid-liquid and at solid-liquid interfaces, and how to master them to reach the optimum balance between the involved interactions for successful self-assembly. In addition, we focus on the recent approaches that have shown great potential for the controlled immobilization and positioning of DNA nanostructures on different surfaces. The ability to position DNA objects in a controllable manner on technologically relevant surfaces is one step forward towards the integration of DNA-based materials into nanoelectronic and sensor devices.
脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）相互作用的可预测性使得 DNA 能够几乎按照任意形状进行组装，并且具有可编程的纳米精度特征。最近 DNA 纳米技术的进展使得能够以高产率和无错误的组装过程生产出更广泛的可能形状。然而，这些结构大多数在尺寸上都受到限制，只能达到纳米级。为了克服这一限制，大量的研究已经在进行中，使用 DNA 组装作为构建块或模块来形成更大的结构。因此，DNA 模块已成为工程大尺寸、复杂结构的纳米精度的最广泛使用的构建块之一。为了使用 DNA 组装构建更大、更有序的图案，科学家们开发了多种结构设计原则和组装方法。本综述首先总结了目前可用的 DNA 模块工具箱，以及使用 DNA 模块形成晶格和分层自组装的基本原理。特别强调了在液-液和固-液界面的组装过程中涉及的力，以及如何掌握这些力，以达到成功自组装所需的相关相互作用之间的最佳平衡。此外，我们还关注了最近在控制 DNA 纳米结构在不同表面上的固定和定位方面显示出巨大潜力的方法。以可控方式在技术相关表面上定位 DNA 物体的能力是将基于 DNA 的材料集成到纳米电子和传感器设备中的重要一步。
