Medical and Scientific Affairs, RB|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA.
Nutrition Impact, LLC, Battle Creek, MI 49014, USA.
Nutrients. 2021 Mar 3;13(3):827. doi: 10.3390/nu13030827.
The early years, between the ages of one and six, are a period of rapid physical, social and cognitive growth and a nutritionally adequate diet is an important factor for optimum development. We investigated the micronutrient adequacy and status of young US children aged 1-6 years ( = 9848) using 24-h dietary recall interviews completed by parents and caregivers participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2016. data. The proportion of the sample not meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) increased with increasing age and was most pronounced for calcium. Despite adequate iron intake, 7.4% and 2.5% had signs of iron deficiency and anemia based on serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels, with younger children and WIC participants at most risk and Non-Hispanic Black children the least. Vitamin B6 intake was adequate, but 6.4% had serum pyridoxal-5-phosphate deficiency. For vitamin E, 69% had intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR), yet serum deficiency was only detected in 0.9%. Vitamin D intake was inadequate for 87%, but true deficiency may be overestimated. Mean DHA intake was 24 mg/d, well below expert recommendations of 70-100 mg/day. Iron and vitamin B6 deficiency and inadequate calcium, fiber, choline, potassium and DHA intakes are a concern for a significant percentage of young children. The discrepancy between nutrient intakes and serum deficiency levels needs to be further investigated.
在 1 至 6 岁的幼儿期，儿童的身体、社交和认知会迅速发育，此时营养充足的饮食是实现最佳发育的重要因素。我们利用父母和照护者通过 24 小时膳食回顾访谈完成的、来自于参与美国国家健康和营养调查（NHANES）2001-2016 年的数据，调查了 1 至 6 岁（n=9848）美国儿童的微量营养素充足程度和状况。随着年龄的增长，不符合膳食参考摄入量（DRI）的儿童比例增加，最明显的是钙。尽管铁的摄入量充足，但 7.4%和 2.5%的儿童依据血清铁蛋白和血红蛋白水平出现缺铁和贫血的迹象，其中年龄较小的儿童和 WIC 项目参与者的风险最大，而非西班牙裔黑人儿童的风险最小。维生素 B6 的摄入量充足，但 6.4%的儿童存在血清吡哆醛-5-磷酸缺乏症。对于维生素 E，69%的儿童摄入量低于估计平均需求量（EAR），但仅 0.9%的儿童血清中缺乏维生素 E。维生素 D 的摄入量不足 87%，但真正的缺乏可能被高估了。平均 DHA 的摄入量为 24 毫克/天，远低于专家建议的 70-100 毫克/天。铁和维生素 B6 的缺乏以及钙、纤维、胆碱、钾和 DHA 的摄入量不足，对相当一部分幼儿来说是一个问题。营养素摄入量和血清缺乏水平之间的差异需要进一步调查。
