Robinson Janelle R, Isikhuemhen Omoanghe S, Anike Felicia N
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
J Fungi (Basel). 2021 Mar 18;7(3):225. doi: 10.3390/jof7030225.
Metal nanoparticles used as antifungals have increased the occurrence of fungal-metal interactions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these interactions cause genomic and physiological changes, which can produce fungal superbugs. Despite interest in these interactions, there is limited understanding of resistance mechanisms in most fungi studied until now. We highlight the current knowledge of fungal homeostasis of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and silver to comprehensively examine associated mechanisms of resistance. Such mechanisms have been widely studied in , but limited reports exist in filamentous fungi, though they are frequently the subject of nanoparticle biosynthesis and targets of antifungal metals. In most cases, microarray analyses uncovered resistance mechanisms as a response to metal exposure. In yeast, metal resistance is mainly due to the down-regulation of metal ion importers, utilization of metallothionein and metallothionein-like structures, and ion sequestration to the vacuole. In contrast, metal resistance in filamentous fungi heavily relies upon cellular ion export. However, there are instances of resistance that utilized vacuole sequestration, ion metallothionein, and chelator binding, deleting a metal ion importer, and ion storage in hyphal cell walls. In general, resistance to zinc, copper, iron, and manganese is extensively reported in yeast and partially known in filamentous fungi; and silver resistance lacks comprehensive understanding in both.
用作抗真菌剂的金属纳米颗粒增加了真菌与金属相互作用的发生率。然而，对于这些相互作用如何导致基因组和生理变化进而产生真菌超级病菌，我们还缺乏了解。尽管人们对这些相互作用很感兴趣，但到目前为止，在大多数已研究的真菌中，对其抗性机制的了解仍然有限。我们着重介绍目前关于锌、铜、铁、锰和银的真菌稳态的知识，以全面研究相关的抗性机制。这些机制在[具体研究对象未提及]中已得到广泛研究，但在丝状真菌中的报道有限，尽管它们经常是纳米颗粒生物合成的主题和抗真菌金属的作用靶点。在大多数情况下，微阵列分析揭示了作为对金属暴露反应的抗性机制。在酵母中，金属抗性主要归因于金属离子导入蛋白的下调、金属硫蛋白和类金属硫蛋白结构的利用以及离子隔离到液泡中。相比之下，丝状真菌中的金属抗性严重依赖于细胞离子输出。然而，也有利用液泡隔离、离子金属硫蛋白和螯合剂结合、删除金属离子导入蛋白以及在菌丝细胞壁中储存离子的抗性实例。一般来说，酵母中对锌、铜、铁和锰的抗性已有广泛报道，丝状真菌中部分已知；而对银的抗性在两者中都缺乏全面了解。
