Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy.
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
Biomolecules. 2021 Mar 24;11(4):487. doi: 10.3390/biom11040487.
The circadian rhythm plays a fundamental role in regulating biological functions, including sleep-wake preference, body temperature, hormonal secretion, food intake, and cognitive and physical performance. Alterations in circadian rhythm can lead to chronic disease and impaired sleep. The circadian rhythmicity in human beings is represented by a complex phenotype. Indeed, over a 24-h period, a person's preferred time to be more active or to sleep can be expressed in the concept of morningness-eveningness. Three chronotypes are distinguished: Morning, Neither, and Evening-types. Interindividual differences in chronotypes need to be considered to reduce the negative effects of circadian disruptions on health. In the present review, we examine the bi-directional influences of the rest-activity circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle in chronic pathologies and disorders. We analyze the concept and the main characteristics of the three chronotypes.
昼夜节律在调节生物功能方面起着至关重要的作用，包括睡眠-觉醒偏好、体温、激素分泌、食物摄入以及认知和身体表现。昼夜节律的改变可能导致慢性疾病和睡眠障碍。人类的昼夜节律性由复杂的表型表现出来。事实上，在 24 小时内，一个人更活跃或更想睡觉的偏好时间可以用晨型-晚型的概念来表示。可以区分三种时型：晨型、中间型和晚型。需要考虑个体间时型的差异，以减少昼夜节律紊乱对健康的负面影响。在本综述中，我们研究了休息-活动昼夜节律和睡眠-觉醒周期在慢性病理和障碍中的双向影响。我们分析了三种时型的概念和主要特征。
