Zerón-Rugerio María Fernanda, Díez-Noguera Antoni, Izquierdo-Pulido Maria, Cambras Trinitat
Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Jan 4;113(1):17-27. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa282.
Although overweight and obesity are assumed to arise from an energy imbalance, evidence has shown that the frequency and timing of meals are also potential risk factors for obesity. However, the lack of a consistent approach to define eating patterns relative to internal circadian rhythms limits the extent of these findings.
The objective of this study was to investigate the association of the circadian pattern of energy intake with adiposity and with internal circadian rhythms.
A total of 260 Spanish adults (aged 20-30 y; 78.1% women) were included in a 6-d cross-sectional study. Participants documented sleep and dietary intake within the study period. From these data, we evaluated the chronotype, eating patterns (meal timing, eating duration, and eating frequency), and we obtained the daily profile of energy intake. In addition, we evaluated the circadian pattern of wrist temperature (internal circadian rhythm marker). Circadian patterns of energy intake and wrist temperature were analyzed, and their association among them and with anthropometric variables and diet quality was studied.
The greater fragmentation of the circadian pattern of energy intake was associated with lower BMI (in kg/m2; -10.55; 95% CI: -16.96, -4.13; P = 0.001). In addition, a greater eating frequency (≥5 eating occasions/d) was significantly associated with lower BMI (-1.88; 95% CI: -3.27, -0.48) and higher energy intake after 20:00 (4.14% of kcal; 95% CI: 1.67, 7.16). Furthermore, a greater eating frequency was associated with lower fragmentation (P = 0.042) and greater stability of the circadian pattern of wrist temperature (P = 0.016).
The daily pattern of energy intake is associated with adiposity and robust circadian rhythms. Our results shed light on the relevance of eating frequency as a potential zeitgeber for the circadian system. Although more evidence is needed, eating frequency could be considered for future chrono-nutritional recommendations for the prevention of circadian misalignment and obesity.
尽管超重和肥胖被认为是由能量失衡引起的，但有证据表明，进餐频率和时间也是肥胖的潜在风险因素。然而，缺乏一种统一的方法来定义与内部昼夜节律相关的饮食模式，限制了这些研究结果的范围。
本研究的目的是调查能量摄入的昼夜模式与肥胖及内部昼夜节律之间的关联。
一项为期6天的横断面研究纳入了260名西班牙成年人（年龄20 - 30岁；78.1%为女性）。参与者记录了研究期间的睡眠和饮食摄入情况。根据这些数据，我们评估了昼夜类型、饮食模式（进餐时间、进食持续时间和进食频率），并获取了能量摄入的每日概况。此外，我们评估了手腕温度的昼夜模式（内部昼夜节律标志物）。分析了能量摄入和手腕温度的昼夜模式，并研究了它们之间以及与人体测量变量和饮食质量的关联。
能量摄入昼夜模式的更大碎片化与较低的体重指数（以kg/m²计；-10.55；95%置信区间：-16.96，-4.13；P = 0.001）相关。此外，更高的进食频率（≥5次/天）与较低的体重指数（-1.88；95%置信区间：-3.27，-0.48）以及20:00之后更高的能量摄入（占千卡的4.14%；95%置信区间：1.67，7.16）显著相关。此外，更高的进食频率与更低的碎片化程度（P = 0.042）以及手腕温度昼夜模式的更高稳定性（P = 0.016）相关。
能量摄入的每日模式与肥胖和稳健的昼夜节律相关。我们的结果揭示了进食频率作为昼夜节律系统潜在授时因子的相关性。尽管还需要更多证据，但进食频率可考虑纳入未来预防昼夜节律失调和肥胖的时间营养建议中。
