Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
Nutrients. 2021 Mar 24;13(4):1060. doi: 10.3390/nu13041060.
The alarmingly rising trend of type 2 diabetes constitutes a major global public health challenge particularly in the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) region where the prevalence is among the highest in the world with a projection to increase by 96% by 2045. The economic boom in the MENA region over the past decades has brought exceptionally rapid shifts in eating habits characterized by divergence from the traditional Mediterranean diet towards a more westernized unhealthy dietary pattern, thought to be leading to the dramatic rises in obesity and non-communicable diseases. Research efforts have brought a greater understanding of the different pathways through which diet and obesity may affect diabetes clinical outcomes, emphasizing the crucial role of dietary interventions and weight loss in the prevention and management of diabetes. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanistic pathways linking obesity with diabetes and to summarize the most recent evidence on the association of the intake of different macronutrients and food groups with the risk of type 2 diabetes. We also summarize the most recent evidence on the effectiveness of different macronutrient manipulations in the prevention and management of diabetes while highlighting the possible underlying mechanisms of action and latest evidence-based recommendations. We finally discuss the need to adequately integrate dietetic services in diabetes care specific to the MENA region and conclude with recommendations to improve dietetic care for diabetes in the region.
2 型糖尿病发病率的惊人上升趋势构成了一个主要的全球公共卫生挑战，特别是在中东和北非（MENA）地区，该地区的患病率是世界上最高的，预计到 2045 年将增加 96%。过去几十年来，MENA 地区的经济繁荣带来了饮食习惯的异常快速变化，这些变化表现为从传统的地中海饮食模式向更西化的不健康饮食模式转变，这被认为是导致肥胖和非传染性疾病急剧上升的原因。研究工作使人们对饮食和肥胖可能影响糖尿病临床结果的不同途径有了更深入的了解，强调了饮食干预和减肥在预防和管理糖尿病方面的关键作用。本综述的目的是探讨肥胖与糖尿病之间的机制途径，并总结最近关于不同宏量营养素和食物组摄入与 2 型糖尿病风险之间关联的证据。我们还总结了最近关于不同宏量营养素干预在预防和管理糖尿病方面的有效性的证据，同时强调了潜在的作用机制和最新的循证建议。最后，我们讨论了在 MENA 地区糖尿病护理中充分整合饮食服务的必要性，并提出了改善该地区糖尿病饮食护理的建议。
