Garrido Andreia, Engel Jasper, Mumm Roland, Conde Artur, Cunha Ana, De Vos Ric C H
Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research (Wageningen-UR), P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Metabolites. 2021 Mar 30;11(4):205. doi: 10.3390/metabo11040205.
The effects of climate change are becoming a real concern for the viticulture sector, with impacts on both grapevine physiology and the quality of the fresh berries and wine. Short-term mitigation strategies, like foliar kaolin application and smart irrigation regimes, have been implemented to overcome these problems. We previously showed that these strategies also influence the photosynthetic activity of the berries themselves, specifically in the exocarp and seed. In the present work, we assessed the modulating effects of both canopy-light microclimate, kaolin and irrigation treatments on the metabolic profiles of the exocarp and seed, as well as the potential role of berry photosynthesis herein. Berries from the white variety Alvarinho were collected at two contrasting light microclimate positions within the vine canopy (HL-high light and LL-low light) from both irrigated and kaolin-treated plants, and their respective controls, at three fruit developmental stages (green, and mature). Untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) profiling of semi-polar extracts followed by multivariate statistical analysis indicate that both the light microclimate and irrigation influenced the level of a series of phenolic compounds, depending on the ripening stage of the berries. Moreover, untargeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) profiling of polar extracts show that amino acid and sugar levels were influenced mainly by the interaction of irrigation and kaolin treatments. The results reveal that both photosynthetically active berry tissues had a distinct metabolic profile in response to the local light microclimate, which suggests a specific role of photosynthesis in these tissues. A higher light intensity within the canopy mainly increased the supply of carbon precursors to the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway, resulting in increased levels of phenolic compounds in the exocarp, while in seeds, light mostly influenced compounds related to carbon storage and seed development. In addition, our work provides new insights into the influence of abiotic stress mitigation strategies on the composition of exocarps and seeds, which are both important tissues for the quality of grape-derived products.
气候变化的影响正成为葡萄栽培行业真正关注的问题，对葡萄树生理以及新鲜浆果和葡萄酒的品质均有影响。人们已实施了短期缓解策略，如叶面喷施高岭土和智能灌溉制度，以克服这些问题。我们之前表明，这些策略也会影响浆果自身的光合活性，特别是在外果皮和种子中。在本研究中，我们评估了树冠层光微气候、高岭土和灌溉处理对浆果外果皮和种子代谢谱的调节作用，以及浆果光合作用在其中的潜在作用。在葡萄树冠层内两个光照微气候条件不同的位置（高光强和低光强），从灌溉处理和高岭土处理的植株及其各自的对照植株上，于三个果实发育阶段（绿色、转色期和成熟）采集白葡萄品种阿尔瓦里尼奥的浆果。对半极性提取物进行非靶向液相色谱 - 质谱联用（LCMS）分析，随后进行多变量统计分析，结果表明光照微气候和灌溉均会影响一系列酚类化合物的含量，具体取决于浆果的成熟阶段。此外，对极性提取物进行非靶向气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GCMS）分析表明，氨基酸和糖的含量主要受灌溉和高岭土处理相互作用的影响。结果表明，两个具有光合活性的浆果组织对局部光照微气候具有独特的代谢谱，这表明光合作用在这些组织中具有特定作用。树冠层内较高的光照强度主要增加了苯丙烷类/黄酮类途径的碳前体供应，导致外果皮中酚类化合物含量增加，而在种子中，光照主要影响与碳储存和种子发育相关的化合物。此外，我们的研究为非生物胁迫缓解策略对外果皮和种子成分的影响提供了新的见解，而外果皮和种子对于葡萄衍生产品的品质而言都是重要的组织。
