Seroconversion to spp. and in Sheep and Goats in Dohuk Province, Iraq and Its Association with Pregnancy Loss.

In this study, sera from 240 small ruminants (192 sheep and 48 goats) belonging to 12 farms in Dohuk Province, northern Iraq, were collected on two occasions to investigate the incidence risk of seroconversion to spp. and . All selected animals were confirmed pregnant (approximately 2 months pregnant) by ultrasound examination at the time of the first blood collection. A second ultrasound examination and blood sampling were undertaken two months after the initial scanning/sampling. Antibodies to were tested using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), and the results were interpreted in series. The Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) were also used in series to confirm the presence of antibodies to . The seroprevalence for and increased significantly between the two sampling times ( = 0.0003 and 0.03 in first and second sampling, respectively). The incidence risk of seroconversion to over the two months was 10.6% (95% CI: 6.9-15.3) and 7.3% (95% CI: 4.3-11.6) for . Animals that seroconverted to were 2.9 times more likely to lose their pregnancy (95% CI: 1.6-5.5) than animals that remained seronegative; however, seroconversion to had no significant impact on loss of pregnancy. This study is the first reported investigation on the association of seroconversion to and with the reproductive outcome of pregnant sheep and goats in northern Iraq. Brucellosis and toxoplasmosis continue to negatively impact small ruminants' reproductive performance and compromising food security in Iraq. It is hoped that this study will assist the development of a better-informed economic model to estimate and burden in small animals in northern Iraq, and such a model could be used to validate the impact of various potential intervention programs in.