Astolfi Tiffany, Crettaz von Roten Fabienne, Kayser Bengt, Saugy Martial, Faiss Raphael
REDs, Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Front Sports Act Living. 2021 Mar 18;3:618285. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.618285. eCollection 2021.
The hematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is used in elite sport for antidoping purposes. Its aim is to better target athletes for testing and to indirectly detect blood doping. The ABP allows to monitor hematological variations in athletes using selected primary blood biomarkers [hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and reticulocyte percentage (Ret%)] with an adaptive Bayesian model to set individual upper and lower limits. If values fall outside the individual limits, an athlete may be further targeted and ultimately sanctioned. Since (Hb) varies with plasma volume (PV) fluctuations, possibly caused by training load changes, we investigated the putative influence of acute and chronic training load changes on the ABP variables. Monthly blood samples were collected over one year in 10 male elite cyclists (25.6 ± 3.4 years, 181 ± 4 cm, 71.3 ± 4.9 kg, 6.7 ± 0.8 Wkg 5-min maximal power output) to calculate individual ABP profiles and monitor hematological variables. Total hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and PV were additionally measured by carbon monoxide rebreathing. Acute and chronic training loads-respectively 5 and 42 days before sampling-were calculated considering duration and intensity (training stress score, TSS). (Hb) averaged 14.2 ± 0.0 (mean ± SD) gdL (range: 13.3-15.5 g·dl) over the study with significant changes over time ( = 0.004). Hbmass was 1030 ± 87 g (range: 842-1116 g) with no significant variations over time ( = 0.118), whereas PV was 4309 ± 350 mL (range: 3,688-4,751 mL) with a time-effect observed over the study time ( = 0.014). Higher acute-but not chronic-training loads were associated with significantly decreased (Hb) ( <0.001). Although individual hematological variations were observed, all ABP variables remained within the individually calculated limits. Our results support that acute training load variations significantly affect (Hb), likely due to short-term PV fluctuations, underlining the importance of considering training load when interpreting individual ABP variations for anti-doping purposes.
运动员生物护照（ABP）的血液学模块用于精英体育中的反兴奋剂目的。其目的是更好地确定接受检测的运动员，并间接检测血液兴奋剂使用情况。ABP允许使用选定的主要血液生物标志物[血红蛋白浓度（Hb）和网织红细胞百分比（Ret%）]，通过自适应贝叶斯模型来监测运动员的血液学变化，以设定个体的上限和下限。如果数值超出个体范围，运动员可能会被进一步关注并最终受到制裁。由于（Hb）会随血浆容量（PV）波动而变化，这可能是由训练负荷变化引起的，我们研究了急性和慢性训练负荷变化对ABP变量的假定影响。在一年时间里，每月采集10名男性精英自行车运动员（25.6±3.4岁，181±4厘米，71.3±4.9千克，6.7±0.8瓦/千克5分钟最大功率输出）的血液样本，以计算个体ABP图谱并监测血液学变量。还通过一氧化碳再呼吸法额外测量了总血红蛋白量（Hbmass）和PV。在采样前分别为5天和42天计算急性和慢性训练负荷，同时考虑持续时间和强度（训练压力评分，TSS）。在整个研究过程中，（Hb）平均为14.2±0.0（均值±标准差）克/分升（范围：13.3 - 15.5克/分升），且随时间有显著变化（P = 0.004）。Hbmass为1030±87克（范围：842 - 1116克），随时间无显著变化（P = 0.118），而PV为4309±350毫升（范围：3688 - 4751毫升），在研究期间观察到有时间效应（P = 0.014）。较高的急性训练负荷（而非慢性训练负荷）与（Hb）显著降低相关（P < 0.001）。尽管观察到个体血液学变化，但所有ABP变量仍保持在个体计算的范围内。我们的结果支持急性训练负荷变化会显著影响（Hb），这可能是由于短期PV波动所致，强调了在为反兴奋剂目的解释个体ABP变化时考虑训练负荷的重要性。
