Maiuolo Jessica, Gliozzi Micaela, Musolino Vincenzo, Carresi Cristina, Scarano Federica, Nucera Saverio, Scicchitano Miriam, Oppedisano Francesca, Bosco Francesca, Ruga Stefano, Zito Maria Caterina, Macri Roberta, Palma Ernesto, Muscoli Carolina, Mollace Vincenzo
IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy.
Front Neurosci. 2021 Mar 23;15:616883. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.616883. eCollection 2021.
Different bacterial families colonize most mucosal tissues in the human organism such as the skin, mouth, vagina, respiratory, and gastrointestinal districts. In particular, the mammalian intestine hosts a microbial community of between 1,000 and 1,500 bacterial species, collectively called "microbiota." Co-metabolism between the microbiota and the host system is generated and the symbiotic relationship is mutually beneficial. The balance that is achieved between the microbiota and the host organism is fundamental to the organization of the immune system. Scientific studies have highlighted a direct correlation between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, establishing the existence of the gut microbiota-brain axis. Based on this theory, the microbiota acts on the development, physiology, and cognitive functions of the brain, although the mechanisms involved have not yet been fully interpreted. Similarly, a close relationship between alteration of the intestinal microbiota and the onset of several neurological pathologies has been highlighted. This review aims to point out current knowledge as can be found in literature regarding the connection between intestinal dysbiosis and the onset of particular neurological pathologies such as anxiety and depression, autism spectrum disorder, and multiple sclerosis. These disorders have always been considered to be a consequence of neuronal alteration, but in this review, we hypothesize that these alterations may be non-neuronal in origin, and consider the idea that the composition of the microbiota could be directly involved. In this direction, the following two key points will be highlighted: (1) the direct cross-talk that comes about between neurons and gut microbiota, and (2) the degree of impact of the microbiota on the brain. Could we consider the microbiota a valuable target for reducing or modulating the incidence of certain neurological diseases?
不同的细菌家族定殖于人体的大多数黏膜组织，如皮肤、口腔、阴道、呼吸道和胃肠道区域。特别是，哺乳动物的肠道中栖息着一个由1000至1500种细菌组成的微生物群落，统称为“微生物群”。微生物群与宿主系统之间产生了共代谢，这种共生关系是互利的。微生物群与宿主生物体之间实现的平衡对于免疫系统的组织至关重要。科学研究强调了肠道微生物群与大脑之间的直接关联，确立了肠道微生物群-脑轴的存在。基于这一理论，微生物群作用于大脑的发育、生理和认知功能，尽管其中涉及的机制尚未得到充分阐释。同样，肠道微生物群的改变与几种神经病理学的发作之间的密切关系也已得到强调。本综述旨在指出文献中关于肠道菌群失调与特定神经病理学（如焦虑和抑郁、自闭症谱系障碍和多发性硬化症）发作之间联系的现有知识。这些疾病一直被认为是神经元改变的结果，但在本综述中，我们假设这些改变可能起源于非神经元，并考虑微生物群的组成可能直接参与其中的观点。在这个方向上，将突出以下两个关键点：（1）神经元与肠道微生物群之间产生的直接相互作用，以及（2）微生物群对大脑的影响程度。我们能否将微生物群视为降低或调节某些神经疾病发病率的有价值靶点？
