Alvero-Cruz José R, Brikis Mieszko, Chilibeck Phil, Frings-Meuthen Petra, Vico Guzmán Jose F, Mittag Uwe, Michely Sarah, Mulder Edwin, Tanaka Hirofumi, Tank Jens, Rittweger Jörn
Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
Front Physiol. 2021 Apr 1;12:643649. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.643649. eCollection 2021.
Vertical jumping power declines with advancing age, which is theoretically explicable by loss of muscle mass and increases in body fat. However, the results of previous cross-sectional studies remain inconsistent on these relationships. The present study included 256 masters athletes who competed at the 2018 track and field world championships in Málaga, Spain. We assessed body composition with bioelectrical impedance (Inbody S10) and vertical jumping power with a Leonardo ground reaction force platform. Relationships between age, jumping power, and body composition were analyzed by correlation and regression analyses. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate effects of each factor on vertical jumping power. Age-related rates of decreases in maximal power and jump height were similar between male and female athletes. Percent fat-free mass and percent body fat were negatively and positively, respectively, associated with age in masters athletes and were comparable to those previously observed in the general population. Moreover, these effects in body composition can, to a great extent, explain the age-related decline in jumping power, an effect that seems at least partly independent of age. Finally, the multiple regression model to determine independent predictors of vertical jump performance yielded an overall value of 0.75 with the inclusion of (1) athletic specialization in power events, (2) percent fat-free mass, and (3) phase angle. However, partial regression yielded significant effects of age, but not gender, on peak power, even when adjusting for athletic specialization, percent fat-free mass, and phase angle. We concluded that loss of skeletal muscle mass and changes in bio-impedance phase angle are important contributors to the age-related reduction in anaerobic power, even in adults who maintain high levels of physical activity into old age. However, age per se remains a significant predictor of vertical jump performance, further demonstrating deteriorated muscle quality at old age (sarcosthenia).
垂直跳跃能力会随着年龄的增长而下降，从理论上讲，这可以通过肌肉量的减少和体脂的增加来解释。然而，以往横断面研究的结果在这些关系上仍不一致。本研究纳入了256名参加2018年西班牙马拉加田径世界锦标赛的成年运动员。我们使用生物电阻抗法（Inbody S10）评估身体成分，并使用莱昂纳多地面反作用力平台评估垂直跳跃能力。通过相关性和回归分析来分析年龄、跳跃能力和身体成分之间的关系。采用分层多元回归分析来评估各因素对垂直跳跃能力的影响。男性和女性运动员的最大功率和跳跃高度与年龄相关的下降速率相似。在成年运动员中，无脂肪体重百分比和体脂百分比分别与年龄呈负相关和正相关，与之前在普通人群中观察到的情况相当。此外，身体成分的这些影响在很大程度上可以解释与年龄相关的跳跃能力下降，这种影响似乎至少部分独立于年龄。最后，用于确定垂直跳跃表现独立预测因素的多元回归模型在纳入（1）力量项目的运动专项化、（2）无脂肪体重百分比和（3）相位角后，总体值为0.75。然而，即使在调整了运动专项化、无脂肪体重百分比和相位角后，偏回归分析显示年龄对峰值功率有显著影响，而性别则没有。我们得出结论，骨骼肌量的减少和生物电阻抗相位角的变化是导致与年龄相关的无氧能力下降的重要因素，即使是在老年时仍保持高水平身体活动的成年人中也是如此。然而，年龄本身仍然是垂直跳跃表现的一个重要预测因素，进一步证明了老年时肌肉质量的下降（肌肉衰弱）。
