Giannandrea Domenica, Citro Valentina, Lesma Elena, Bignotto Monica, Platonova Natalia, Chiaramonte Raffaella
Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
Front Oncol. 2021 Mar 22;11:644109. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.644109. eCollection 2021.
Bone is the most common site of cancer metastasis and the spread of cancer cells to the bone is associated with poor prognosis, pain, increased risk of fractures, and hypercalcemia. The bone marrow microenvironment is an attractive place for tumor dissemination, due to the dynamic network of non-malignant cells. In particular, the alteration of the bone homeostasis favors the tumor homing and the consequent osteolytic or osteoblastic lesions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are reported to be involved in the metastatic process, promoting tumor invasion, escape from immune surveillance, extravasation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and metastasis, but the role of EVs in bone metastases is still unclear. Current results suggest the ability of tumor derived EVs in promoting bone localization and metastasis formation, altering the physiological balance between bone destruction and new bone depositions. Moreover, EVs from the bone marrow niche may support the onset of tumor metastasis. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of EVs in the pathological alterations of homeostasis that occur during bone metastasis to show novel potential EV-based therapeutic options to inhibit metastasis formation.
骨是癌症转移最常见的部位，癌细胞扩散至骨与预后不良、疼痛、骨折风险增加及高钙血症相关。骨髓微环境因非恶性细胞的动态网络而成为肿瘤播散的理想场所。特别是，骨稳态的改变有利于肿瘤归巢及随之而来的溶骨性或成骨性病变。据报道，细胞外囊泡（EVs）参与转移过程，促进肿瘤侵袭、逃避免疫监视、外渗、细胞外基质重塑和转移，但EVs在骨转移中的作用仍不清楚。目前的结果表明，肿瘤来源的EVs具有促进骨定位和转移形成的能力，改变了骨破坏与新骨沉积之间的生理平衡。此外，来自骨髓微环境的EVs可能支持肿瘤转移的发生。本综述总结了关于EVs在骨转移过程中发生的稳态病理改变中作用的最新发现，以展示基于EVs的新型潜在治疗选择，以抑制转移形成。
