Khan Haroon, Pan Jia-Ji, Li Yongfang, Zhang Zhijun, Yang Guo-Yuan
Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Mar 23;9:619565. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.619565. eCollection 2021.
Exosomes are natural cells-derived vesicles, which are at the forefront toward clinical success for various diseases, including cerebral ischemia. Exosomes mediate cell-to-cell communication in different brain cells during both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes are an extensively studied type of extracellular vesicle, which are considered to be the best alternative for stem cell-based therapy. They can be secreted by various cell types and have unique biological properties. Even though native exosomes have potential for ischemic stroke therapy, some undesirable features prevent their success in clinical applications, including a short half-life, poor targeting property, low concentration at the target site, rapid clearance from the lesion region, and inefficient payload. In this review, we highlight exosome trafficking and cellular uptake and survey the latest discoveries in the context of exosome research as the best fit for brain targeting owing to its natural brain-homing abilities. Furthermore, we overview the methods by which researchers have bioengineered exosomes (BioEng-Exo) for stroke therapy. Finally, we summarize studies in which exosomes were bioengineered by a third party for stroke recovery. This review provides up-to-date knowledge about the versatile nature of exosomes with a special focus on BioEng-Exo for ischemic stroke. Standard exosome bioengineering techniques are mandatory for the future and will lead exosomes toward clinical success for stroke therapy.
外泌体是天然的细胞衍生囊泡，在包括脑缺血在内的各种疾病的临床治疗中处于前沿地位。外泌体在生理和病理条件下介导不同脑细胞之间的细胞间通讯。外泌体是一种经过广泛研究的细胞外囊泡类型，被认为是基于干细胞治疗的最佳替代方案。它们可由多种细胞类型分泌，并具有独特的生物学特性。尽管天然外泌体在缺血性中风治疗方面具有潜力，但一些不良特性阻碍了它们在临床应用中的成功，包括半衰期短、靶向性差、靶位点浓度低、从病变区域快速清除以及有效载荷效率低。在本综述中，我们重点介绍外泌体的运输和细胞摄取，并探讨外泌体研究背景下的最新发现，因其具有天然的归巢能力，是最适合脑靶向的。此外，我们概述了研究人员为中风治疗对体外囊泡进行生物工程改造（BioEng-Exo）的方法。最后，我们总结了第三方对体外囊泡进行生物工程改造以促进中风恢复的研究。本综述提供了有关外泌体多能性质的最新知识，特别关注用于缺血性中风的BioEng-Exo。标准的外泌体生物工程技术对未来至关重要，将引领外泌体在中风治疗中取得临床成功。
