Manipulation of Stacking Order in -WTe by Ultrafast Optical Excitation.

Subtle changes in stacking order of layered transition metal dichalcogenides may have profound influence on the electronic and optical properties. The intriguing electronic properties of -WTe can be traced to the break of inversion symmetry resulting from the ground-state stacking sequence. Strategies for perturbation of the stacking order are actively pursued for intentional tuning of material properties, where optical excitation is of specific interest since it holds the potential for integration of ultrafast switches in future device designs. Here we investigate the structural response in -WTe following ultrafast photoexcitation by time-resolved electron diffraction. A 0.23 THz shear phonon, involving layer displacement along the axis, was excited by a 515 nm laser pulse. Pump fluences in excess of a threshold of ∼1 mJ/cm result in formation, with an ∼5 ps time constant, of a new stacking order by layer displacement along the axis in the direction toward the centrosymmetric 1* phase. The shear displacement of the layers increases with pump fluence until saturation at ∼8 pm. We demonstrate that the excitation of the shear phonon and the stabilization of the metastable phase are decoupled when using an optical pump as evidenced by observation of a transition also in samples with a pinned shear phonon. The results are compared to dynamic first-principles simulations and the transition is interpreted in terms of a mechanism where transient local disorder is prominent before settling at the atomic positions of the metastable phase. This interpretation is corroborated by results from diffuse scattering. The correlation between excitation of intralayer vibrations and interlayer interaction demonstrates the importance of including both short- and long-range interactions in an accurate description of how optical fields can be employed to manipulate the stacking order in 2-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides.