School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 75918-74831, Iran.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Aug 1;291:112685. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112685. Epub 2021 Apr 27.
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are considered important groups of chemicals mainly produced by human and industrial activities. The large-scale application of these xenobiotics creates contamination of the water and soil environment. Despite applicability, NACs have been caused severe hazardous side effects in animals and human systems like different cancers, anemia, skin irritation, liver damage and mutagenic effects. The effective remediation of the NACs from the environment is a significant concern. Researchers have implemented physicochemical and biological methods for the remediation of NACs from the environment. Most of the applied methods are based on adsorption and degradation approaches. Among these methods, degradation is considered a versatile method for the subsequent removal of NACs due to its exceptional properties like simplicity, easy operation, cost-effectiveness, and availability. Most importantly, the degradation process does not generate hazardous side products and wastes compared to other methods. Hence, the importance of NACs, their remediation, and supreme attributes of the degradation method have encouraged us to review the recent progress and development for the removal of these perilous materials using degradation as a versatile method. Therefore, in this review, (i) NACs, physicochemical properties, and their hazardous side effects on humans and animals are discussed; (ii) Physicochemical methods, microbial, anaerobic bioremediation, mycoremediation, and aerobic degradation approaches for the degradation of NACs were thoroughly vetted; (iii) The possible mechanisms for degradation of NACs were investigated and discussed. (iv) The applied kinetic models for evaluation of the rate of degradation were also assessed and discussed. Finally, (vi) current challenges and future prospects of proposed methods for degradation and removal of NACs were also directed.
硝基芳香族化合物（NACs）被认为是人类和工业活动主要产生的一类重要化学物质。这些外来化学物质的大规模应用造成了水和土壤环境的污染。尽管具有适用性，但 NACs 已在动物和人类系统中引起了严重的有害副作用，如不同类型的癌症、贫血、皮肤刺激、肝损伤和致突变作用。从环境中有效修复 NACs 是一个重要的关注点。研究人员已经实施了物理化学和生物方法来修复环境中的 NACs。大多数应用的方法都是基于吸附和降解方法。在这些方法中，由于其简单、易操作、经济高效和可用性等特殊性质，降解被认为是一种多功能方法，可用于随后去除 NACs。最重要的是，与其他方法相比，降解过程不会产生有害的副产物和废物。因此，NACs 的重要性、它们的修复以及降解方法的卓越属性促使我们回顾最近使用降解作为一种多功能方法去除这些危险物质的进展和发展。因此，在这篇综述中，（i）讨论了 NACs、物理化学性质及其对人类和动物的有害副作用；（ii）彻底审查了物理化学方法、微生物、厌氧生物修复、菌根修复和好氧降解方法来降解 NACs；（iii）研究和讨论了降解 NACs 的可能机制；（iv）评估和讨论了用于评估降解速率的应用动力学模型。最后，（vi）还针对降解和去除 NACs 的建议方法的当前挑战和未来前景进行了指导。
