Conductive scaffolds have been shown to exert a therapeutic effect on patients suffering from peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs). However, conventional conductive conduits are made of rigid structures and have limited applications for impaired diabetic patients due to their mechanical mismatch with neural tissues and poor plasticity. We propose the development of biocompatible electroconductive hydrogels (ECHs) that are identical to a surgical dressing in this study. Based on excellent adhesive and self-healing properties, the thin film-like dressing can be easily attached to the injured nerve fibers, automatically warps a tubular structure without requiring any invasive techniques. The ECH offers an intimate and stable electrical bridge coupling with the electrogenic nerve tissues. The in vitro experiments indicated that the ECH promoted the migration and adhesion of the Schwann cells. Furthermore, the ECH facilitated axonal regeneration and remyelination in vitro and in vivo through the MEK/ERK pathway, thus preventing muscle denervation atrophy while retaining functional recovery. The results of this study are likely to facilitate the development of non-invasive treatment techniques for PNIs in diabetic patients utilizing electroconductive hydrogels.