Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
LadHyX - UMR 7646, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.
Ann Biomed Eng. 2021 Jul;49(7):1598-1618. doi: 10.1007/s10439-021-02784-1. Epub 2021 May 17.
3D printing as a means of fabrication has seen increasing applications in medicine in the last decade, becoming invaluable for cardiovascular applications. This rapidly developing technology has had a significant impact on cardiovascular research, its clinical translation and education. It has expanded our understanding of the cardiovascular system resulting in better devices, tools and consequently improved patient outcomes. This review discusses the latest developments and future directions of generating medical replicas ('phantoms') for use in the cardiovascular field, detailing the end-to-end process from medical imaging to capture structures of interest, to production and use of 3D printed models. We provide comparisons of available imaging modalities and overview of segmentation and post-processing techniques to process images for printing, detailed exploration of latest 3D printing methods and materials, and a comprehensive, up-to-date review of milestone applications and their impact within the cardiovascular domain across research, clinical use and education. We then provide an in-depth exploration of future technologies and innovations around these methods, capturing opportunities and emerging directions across increasingly realistic representations, bioprinting and tissue engineering, and complementary virtual and mixed reality solutions. The next generation of 3D printing techniques allow patient-specific models that are increasingly realistic, replicating properties, anatomy and function.
在过去的十年中，3D 打印作为一种制造手段在医学领域的应用越来越广泛，对于心血管应用来说变得非常有价值。这项快速发展的技术对心血管研究、临床转化和教育产生了重大影响。它扩展了我们对心血管系统的理解，从而产生了更好的设备、工具，并最终改善了患者的治疗效果。本文讨论了用于心血管领域的医学复制品（“模型”）的最新发展和未来方向，详细介绍了从医学成像到捕获感兴趣结构，再到生产和使用 3D 打印模型的端到端过程。我们比较了可用的成像方式，并概述了用于打印的分割和后处理技术，详细探讨了最新的 3D 打印方法和材料，并全面、及时地回顾了心血管领域在研究、临床应用和教育方面的里程碑式应用及其影响。然后，我们深入探讨了这些方法的未来技术和创新，捕捉了在越来越逼真的表示、生物打印和组织工程以及互补的虚拟和混合现实解决方案方面的机会和新兴方向。下一代 3D 打印技术允许使用越来越逼真的患者特异性模型，复制特性、解剖结构和功能。
