Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Environ Res. 2021 Aug;199:111282. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111282. Epub 2021 May 18.
Residential exposure to pesticides may occur via inhalation of airborne pesticides, direct skin contacts with pesticide-contaminated surfaces, and consumption of food containing pesticide residues. The aim was to study the association of dermal exposure to pesticides between the use and non-use periods, between farmer and non-farmer families and between dermal exposure and the excretion of metabolites from urine in residents living close to treated agricultural fields.
In total, 112 hand wipes and 206 spot urine samples were collected from 16 farmer and 38 non-farmer participants living within 50 m from an agricultural field in the Netherlands. The study took place from May 2016 to December 2017 during the use as well as the non-use periods of pesticides. Hand wipes were analysed for the parent compound and urines samples for the corresponding urinary metabolite of five applied pesticides: asulam, carbendazim (applied as thiophanate-methyl), chlorpropham, prochloraz and tebuconazole. Questionnaire data was used to study potential determinants of occurrence and levels of pesticides in hand wipes according to univariate and multivariate analysis.
Carbendazim and tebuconazole concentrations in hand wipes were statistically significantly higher in the pesticide-use period compared to the non-use period. In addition, especially during the use periods, concentrations were statistically significantly higher in farmer families compared to non-farmer families. For asulam, chlorpropham and prochloraz, the frequency of non-detects was too high (57-85%) to be included in this analysis. The carbendazim contents in urine samples and hand wipes were correlated on the first and second day after taking the hand wipe, whereas chlorpropham was only observed to be related on the second day following the spray event.
Concentrations in hand wipes were overall higher in pesticide use periods compared to non-use periods and higher in farmer families compared to non-farmer families. Only for carbendazim a strong correlation between concentrations in hand wipes and its main metabolite in urine was observed, indicating dermal exposure via contaminated indoor surfaces. We expect this to be related to the lower vapour pressure and longer environmental lifetime of carbendazim compared to the other pesticides studies.
居住环境中的农药暴露可能通过吸入空气中的农药、直接接触被农药污染的表面以及摄入含有农药残留的食物等途径发生。本研究旨在探究居住在施药农田附近的居民在使用和非使用农药期间、农民家庭和非农民家庭之间以及皮肤暴露与尿液代谢物排泄之间的关系。
2016 年 5 月至 2017 年 12 月，在荷兰，从距离农田 50 米以内的 16 个农民家庭和 38 个非农民家庭中采集了 112 个手部擦拭样本和 206 个尿样。研究期间同时采集使用和不使用农药期间的样本。对手部擦拭样本进行了母体化合物分析，对尿液样本进行了 5 种施用农药（莠去津、多菌灵（作为噻菌灵甲基施用）、氯普罗法姆、百菌清和戊唑醇）的相应尿液代谢物分析。问卷调查数据用于根据单变量和多变量分析研究手部擦拭物中农药发生和水平的潜在决定因素。
与非使用期相比，手部擦拭物中多菌灵和戊唑醇的浓度在农药使用期明显更高。此外，尤其是在使用期，农民家庭的浓度明显高于非农民家庭。对于莠去津、氯普罗法姆和百菌清，由于未检出的频率过高（57-85%），无法纳入本分析。尿液样本和手部擦拭物中多菌灵的含量在擦拭后的第 1 天和第 2 天呈正相关，而在施药后的第 2 天仅观察到氯普罗法姆呈相关关系。
与非使用期相比，手部擦拭物中的浓度在农药使用期总体上更高，农民家庭的浓度也高于非农民家庭。仅在多菌灵中观察到手部擦拭物中的浓度与其尿液中的主要代谢物之间存在很强的相关性，表明通过污染的室内表面进行皮肤暴露。我们预计这与多菌灵的蒸汽压较低和环境半衰期比其他研究的农药更长有关。
