Figueiredo Daniel M, Krop Esmeralda J M, Duyzer Jan, Gerritsen-Ebben Rianda M, Gooijer Yvonne M, Holterman Henk J, Huss Anke, Jacobs Cor M J, Kivits Carla M, Kruijne Roel, Mol Hans J G J, Oerlemans Arné, Sauer Pieter J J, Scheepers Paul T J, van de Zande Jan C, van den Berg Erik, Wenneker Marcel, Vermeulen Roel C H
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
TNO Urban Environment and Safety, Utrecht, Netherlands.
JMIR Res Protoc. 2021 Apr 28;10(4):e27883. doi: 10.2196/27883.
Application of pesticides in the vicinity of homes has caused concern regarding possible health effects in residents living nearby. However, the high spatiotemporal variation of pesticide levels and lack of knowledge regarding the contribution of exposure routes greatly complicates exposure assessment approaches.
The objective of this paper was to describe the study protocol of a large exposure survey in the Netherlands assessing pesticide exposure of residents living close (<250 m) to agricultural fields; to better understand possible routes of exposure; to develop an integrative exposure model for residential exposure; and to describe lessons learned.
We performed an observational study involving residents living in the vicinity of agricultural fields and residents living more than 500 m away from any agricultural fields (control subjects). Residential exposures were measured both during a pesticide use period after a specific application and during the nonuse period for 7 and 2 days, respectively. We collected environmental samples (outdoor and indoor air, dust, and garden and field soils) and personal samples (urine and hand wipes). We also collected data on spraying applications as well as on home characteristics, participants' demographics, and food habits via questionnaires and diaries. Environmental samples were analyzed for 46 prioritized pesticides. Urine samples were analyzed for biomarkers of a subset of 5 pesticides. Alongside the field study, and by taking spray events and environmental data into account, we developed a modeling framework to estimate environmental exposure of residents to pesticides.
Our study was conducted between 2016 and 2019. We assessed 96 homes and 192 participants, including 7 growers and 28 control subjects. We followed 14 pesticide applications, applying 20 active ingredients. We collected 4416 samples: 1018 air, 445 dust (224 vacuumed floor, 221 doormat), 265 soil (238 garden, 27 fields), 2485 urine, 112 hand wipes, and 91 tank mixtures.
To our knowledge, this is the first study on residents' exposure to pesticides addressing all major nondietary exposure sources and routes (air, soil, dust). Our protocol provides insights on used sampling techniques, the wealth of data collected, developed methods, modeling framework, and lessons learned. Resources and data are open for future collaborations on this important topic.
INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR1-10.2196/27883.
在房屋附近施用农药引发了人们对附近居民可能产生的健康影响的担忧。然而，农药水平的高时空变化以及对暴露途径贡献的认识不足，极大地复杂化了暴露评估方法。
本文的目的是描述荷兰一项大型暴露调查的研究方案，该调查评估居住在靠近（<250米）农田的居民的农药暴露情况；更好地了解可能的暴露途径；开发一种用于住宅暴露的综合暴露模型；并描述所吸取的经验教训。
我们进行了一项观察性研究，涉及居住在农田附近的居民和居住在距离任何农田超过500米的居民（对照对象）。在特定施用后的农药使用期以及分别在7天和2天的非使用期内测量住宅暴露情况。我们收集了环境样本（室外和室内空气、灰尘、花园和田间土壤）和个人样本（尿液和手巾）。我们还通过问卷和日记收集了关于喷洒施用以及房屋特征、参与者人口统计学和饮食习惯的数据。对46种优先农药进行了环境样本分析。对尿液样本进行了5种农药子集的生物标志物分析。除了现场研究之外，通过考虑喷洒事件和环境数据，我们开发了一个建模框架来估计居民对农药的环境暴露。
我们的研究在2016年至2019年期间进行。我们评估了96户家庭和192名参与者，包括7名种植者和28名对照对象。我们跟踪了14次农药施用，施用了20种活性成分。我们收集了4416个样本：1018个空气样本、445个灰尘样本（224个吸尘地板样本、221个门垫样本）、265个土壤样本（238个花园土壤样本、27个田间土壤样本）、2485个尿液样本、112个手巾样本和91个罐混物样本。
据我们所知，这是第一项针对居民农药暴露的研究，涉及所有主要的非饮食暴露源和途径（空气、土壤、灰尘）。我们的方案提供了关于所使用的采样技术、所收集的数据量、所开发的方法、建模框架以及所吸取的经验教训的见解。资源和数据可供未来就这一重要主题开展合作使用。
国际注册报告识别号（IRRID）：RR1-10.2196/27883。
