Center for Nutrition and Epidemiology Research, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, 41070, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
Sector of Biostatistics and Data Repository, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 41070 Shah Alam, Malaysia.
J Health Popul Nutr. 2021 May 31;40(Suppl 1):12. doi: 10.1186/s41043-021-00236-z.
Studies have shown that having away from home meals contributes to high sodium intake among young people and those who lived in urban areas. This study aimed to determine the association between dietary sodium intake, body mass index, and away from home meal consumption behaviour among Malaysian adults.
MyCoSS was a cross-sectional household survey involving 1440 adults age 18 years and above. This study utilized stratified cluster sampling to obtain a nationally representative sample. Data was collected between October 2017 and March 2018. Socio-demographic information, dietary assessment using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and away from home meal consumption were assessed through a face-to-face interview by trained health personnel. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were applied to identify the association of socioeconomic status and away from home meal consumption with dietary sodium intake.
A total of 1032 participants completed the FFQ, with a mean age of 48.8 + 15.6 years. Based on the FFQ, slightly over half of the participants (52.1%) had high sodium intake. Results showed that 43.6% of participants consumed at least one to two away from home meals per day, while 20.8% of them had their three main meals away from home. Participants aged less than 30 years old were the strongest predictor to consume more sodium (adjusted OR: 3.83; 95%CI: 2.23, 6.58) while those of Indian ethnicity had significantly lower sodium intake. Surprisingly, having three away from home meals per day was not associated with high dietary sodium intake, although a significant association (crude OR; 1.67, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.35) was found in the simple logistic regression. Obese participants were less likely to have high dietary sodium intake compared with the normal BMI participants in the final model.
Over half of the participants consumed sodium more than the recommended daily intake, especially those who consumed three away from home meals. However, there was no significant association between high sodium intake and having three away from home meals per day. The promotion of healthy cooking methods among the public must continue to be emphasized to reduce the dietary sodium intake among Malaysian adults.
研究表明，在外就餐会导致年轻人和城市居民钠摄入量增加。本研究旨在确定马来西亚成年人饮食钠摄入量、体重指数和在外就餐行为之间的关系。
MyCoSS 是一项横断面家庭调查，涉及 1440 名 18 岁及以上的成年人。本研究采用分层聚类抽样方法获得具有全国代表性的样本。数据收集于 2017 年 10 月至 2018 年 3 月之间。通过受过培训的卫生人员进行面对面访谈，评估社会人口统计学信息、使用食物频率问卷（FFQ）进行饮食评估以及在外就餐情况。应用描述性分析和逻辑回归来确定社会经济地位和在外就餐与饮食钠摄入量的关系。
共有 1032 名参与者完成了 FFQ，平均年龄为 48.8 ± 15.6 岁。根据 FFQ，略超过一半的参与者（52.1%）钠摄入量较高。结果显示，43.6%的参与者每天至少食用一到两餐在外就餐，而 20.8%的参与者三餐都在外就餐。年龄小于 30 岁的参与者是摄入更多钠的最强预测因素（调整后的 OR：3.83；95%CI：2.23，6.58），而印度裔参与者的钠摄入量明显较低。令人惊讶的是，每天食用三顿在外就餐与高饮食钠摄入量无关，尽管在简单逻辑回归中发现存在显著关联（粗 OR；1.67，95%CI：1.19，2.35）。与正常 BMI 参与者相比，肥胖参与者饮食钠摄入量较高的可能性较低。
超过一半的参与者摄入的钠超过了推荐的每日摄入量，尤其是那些食用三顿在外就餐的参与者。然而，高钠摄入量与每天食用三顿在外就餐之间没有显著关联。必须继续强调在公众中推广健康的烹饪方法，以减少马来西亚成年人的饮食钠摄入量。
