Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
Molecules. 2021 May 12;26(10):2869. doi: 10.3390/molecules26102869.
The valorization of food industry by-products as sources of bioactive compounds is at the forefront of research in functional foods and nutraceuticals. This study focuses on bioactives of apple cider by-products (ACBPs) with putative cardio-protective properties. Total lipids (TLs) were extracted from ACBPs of apple varieties that are low (ACBP1), medium (ACBP2), and high (ACBP3) in tannins and were further separated into polar lipids (PLs) and neutral lipids (NLs). The functionality of these lipid extracts and of their HPLC-derived lipid fractions/PL subclasses were assessed in vitro against human platelet aggregation induced by the thrombotic and inflammatory platelet agonists platelet-activating factor (PAF) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The fatty acid profile of PLs and their most bioactive lipid fractions were evaluated by GC-MS analysis. The PL extracts exhibited higher specificity against the PAF-induced platelet aggregation compared to their anti-ADP effects, while TL and NL showed lower bioactivities in all ACBPs. HPLC analysis unveiled that the most bioactive PL from all ACBPs were those in PL fraction 3 containing phosphatidylcholines (PCs). PLs from all ACBPs and their PC bioactives were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and especially in the essential omega-6 (n-6) linoleic acid (LA) and omega-3 (n-3) alpha linolenic acid (ALA), with favorably low values of the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, thus providing a rationale for their higher anti-inflammatory bioactivities. Within this study, highly bioactive PL compounds with strong anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet properties were identified in ACBPs, which can be potentially utilized for producing cardio-protective functional foods and/or nutraceuticals.
食品工业副产品作为生物活性化合物的来源的增值作用是功能性食品和营养保健品研究的前沿。本研究专注于具有潜在心脏保护作用的苹果 cider 副产品 (ACBP) 的生物活性物质。从单宁含量低（ACBP1）、中（ACBP2）和高（ACBP3）的苹果品种的 ACBP 中提取总脂质 (TL)，并进一步分离为极性脂质 (PL) 和中性脂质 (NL)。评估这些脂质提取物及其 HPLC 衍生的脂质馏分/PL 亚类在体外对血栓形成和炎症血小板激动剂血小板活化因子 (PAF) 和二磷酸腺苷 (ADP) 诱导的人血小板聚集的功能。通过 GC-MS 分析评估 PL 的脂肪酸谱及其最具生物活性的脂质馏分。与抗 ADP 作用相比，PL 提取物对 PAF 诱导的血小板聚集具有更高的特异性，而 TL 和 NL 在所有 ACBP 中的生物活性较低。HPLC 分析表明，所有 ACBP 中最具生物活性的 PL 是含有磷脂酰胆碱 (PC) 的 PL 馏分 3 中的 PL。所有 ACBP 的 PL 及其 PC 生物活性物质富含多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)，尤其是必需的 ω-6 (n-6) 亚油酸 (LA) 和 ω-3 (n-3) α亚麻酸 (ALA)，n-6/n-3 PUFA 比值较低，这为其更高的抗炎生物活性提供了依据。在本研究中，在 ACBP 中鉴定出具有强抗炎和抗血小板特性的高度生物活性 PL 化合物，可潜在用于生产心脏保护功能性食品和/或营养保健品。
