Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 May 31;22(11):5927. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115927.
During cardiac excitation contraction coupling, the arrival of an action potential at the ventricular myocardium triggers voltage-dependent L-type Ca (Ca1.2) channels in individual myocytes to open briefly. The level of this Ca influx tunes the amplitude of Ca-induced Ca release from ryanodine receptors (RyR2) on the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum and thus the magnitude of the elevation in intracellular Ca concentration and ultimately the downstream contraction. The number and activity of functional Ca1.2 channels at the t-tubule dyads dictates the amplitude of the Ca influx. Trafficking of these channels and their auxiliary subunits to the cell surface is thus tightly controlled and regulated to ensure adequate sarcolemmal expression to sustain this critical process. To that end, recent discoveries have revealed the existence of internal reservoirs of preformed Ca1.2 channels that can be rapidly mobilized to enhance sarcolemmal expression in times of acute stress when hemodynamic and metabolic demand increases. In this review, we provide an overview of the current thinking on Ca1.2 channel trafficking dynamics in the heart. We highlight the numerous points of control including the biosynthetic pathway, the endosomal recycling pathway, ubiquitination, and lysosomal and proteasomal degradation pathways, and discuss the effects of β-adrenergic and angiotensin receptor signaling cascades on this process.
在心脏兴奋-收缩偶联过程中,动作电位到达心室心肌会触发单个心肌细胞中电压依赖性 L 型钙(Ca1.2)通道短暂开放。这种钙内流的水平调节了从连接的肌浆网的兰尼碱受体(RyR2)释放的钙诱导钙释放的幅度,从而调节了细胞内钙浓度的升高幅度,最终影响下游收缩。T 小管偶联处的功能性 Ca1.2 通道的数量和活性决定了钙内流的幅度。因此,这些通道及其辅助亚基向细胞表面的运输受到严格控制和调节,以确保足够的肌浆网表达来维持这一关键过程。为此,最近的发现揭示了预先形成的 Ca1.2 通道的内部储备库的存在,这些储备库可以在急性应激时迅速动员,以增强肌浆网表达,此时血流动力学和代谢需求增加。在这篇综述中,我们概述了心脏中 Ca1.2 通道运输动力学的最新研究进展。我们强调了许多控制要点,包括生物合成途径、内体再循环途径、泛素化以及溶酶体和蛋白酶体降解途径,并讨论了β-肾上腺素能和血管紧张素受体信号级联对这一过程的影响。