Workman Cassandra L, Cairns Maryann R, de Los Reyes Francis L, Verbyla Matthew E
Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Environ Eng Sci. 2021 May 1;38(5):402-417. doi: 10.1089/ees.2020.0321. Epub 2021 May 24.
Anthropologists contribute key insights toward a comprehensive understanding of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as a multidimensional, multiscalar, and culturally embedded phenomenon. Yet, these insights have yet to be sufficiently operationalized and implemented in WASH development and wider WASH access-related paradigms. Ensuring WASH security requires a comprehensive approach to identifying both human health risk and environmental impact of WASH-related programs and strategies. It requires an understanding of how sanitation is integrated into households and communities and how individuals within particular cultural contexts practice sanitation and hygiene. This work facilitates that goal by outlining the major contributions of anthropology and allied social sciences to WASH, as well as outlining key considerations for future work and collaboration. We identify six major themes that, if applied in future engineering approaches, will more equitably integrate stakeholders and multiple vantage points in the successful implementation of WASH projects for marginalized and diverse groups. These include a critical understanding of previous approaches, culturally aware interventions, capacity building that considers (un)intended impact, co-created technology, collaboration between fields such as anthropology and engineering, and challenge-ready initiatives that respond to historic and emergent social and environmental inequity.
人类学家为全面理解水、环境卫生和个人卫生（WASH）这一多维度、多尺度且文化嵌入的现象提供了关键见解。然而，这些见解在WASH发展及更广泛的与WASH获取相关的范式中，尚未得到充分实施和运用。确保WASH安全需要一种全面的方法，来识别与WASH相关的项目和战略对人类健康的风险以及对环境的影响。这需要了解环境卫生如何融入家庭和社区，以及特定文化背景下的个人如何践行环境卫生和个人卫生。这项工作通过概述人类学及相关社会科学对WASH的主要贡献，以及概述未来工作与合作的关键考虑因素，推动了这一目标的实现。我们确定了六个主要主题，如果将其应用于未来的工程方法中，将在为边缘化和多样化群体成功实施WASH项目时，更公平地整合利益相关者和多个视角。这些主题包括对以往方法的批判性理解、具有文化意识的干预措施、考虑（非）预期影响的能力建设、共同创造的技术、人类学与工程学等领域之间的合作，以及应对历史和新出现的社会及环境不平等问题的有备而来的倡议。
