San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
New York University, New York, NY, USA.
Health Educ Behav. 2021 Jun;48(3):332-341. doi: 10.1177/10901981211010676.
Immigration has been historically and contemporarily racialized in the United States. Although each immigrant group has unique histories, current patterns, and specific experiences, racialized immigrant groups such as Latino, Asian, and Arab immigrants all experience health inequities that are not solely due to nativity or years of residence but also influenced by conditional citizenship and subjective sense of belonging or othering. Critical race theory and intersectionality provide a critical lens to consider how structural racism might uniquely impact the health of racialized immigrants, and to understand and intervene on the interlocking systems that shape these shared experiences and health consequences. We build on and synthesize the work of prior scholars to advance how society codifies structural disadvantages for racialized immigrants into governmental and institutional policies and how that affects health via three key pathways that emerged from our review of the literature: (1) formal racialization via immigration policy and citizenship status that curtails access to material and health resources and political and civic participation; (2) informal racialization via disproportionate immigration enforcement and criminalization including ongoing threats of detention and deportation; and (3) intersections with economic exploitation and disinvestment such as labor exploitation and neighborhood disinvestment. We hope this serves as a call to action to change the dominant narratives around immigrant health, provides conceptual and methodological recommendations to advance research, and illuminates the essential role of the public health sector to advocate for changes in other sectors including immigration policy, political rights, law enforcement, labor protections, and neighborhood investment, among others.
移民在美国历史上和当代都被种族化了。虽然每个移民群体都有独特的历史、当前的模式和特定的经历，但被种族化的移民群体，如拉丁裔、亚洲裔和阿拉伯裔移民，都经历着健康不平等，这些不平等不仅是由于出生地或居住年限，还受到有条件的公民身份以及主观的归属感或他者感的影响。批判种族理论和交叉性为我们提供了一个批判性的视角，使我们能够考虑结构性种族主义如何独特地影响被种族化的移民的健康，并理解和干预塑造这些共同经历和健康后果的相互关联的系统。我们借鉴和综合了先前学者的工作，以推进社会将结构性劣势编入针对被种族化移民的政府和机构政策的方式，以及这些政策如何通过我们对文献的审查中出现的三个关键途径影响健康：（1）通过移民政策和公民身份正式种族化，限制了对物质和健康资源以及政治和公民参与的获取；（2）通过不成比例的移民执法和刑事化，包括持续的拘留和驱逐威胁进行非正式种族化；（3）与经济剥削和投资不足相交织，如劳动力剥削和社区投资不足。我们希望这能呼吁人们改变围绕移民健康的主导叙事，为推进研究提供概念和方法建议，并阐明公共卫生部门在倡导包括移民政策、政治权利、执法、劳工保护和社区投资在内的其他部门变革方面的重要作用。
