Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Department of Computer Science, University of Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba.
JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2021 Jun 3;9(6):e25138. doi: 10.2196/25138.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and causes several million deaths every year. Such a dramatic scenario puts some pressure on administrations, care services, and the scientific community to seek novel solutions that may help control and deal effectively with this condition and its consequences.
This study aims to review the literature on the use of modern mobile and wearable technology for monitoring parameters that condition the development or evolution of diabetes mellitus.
A systematic review of articles published between January 2010 and July 2020 was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Manuscripts were identified through searching the databases Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed as well as through hand searching. Manuscripts were included if they involved the measurement of diabetes-related parameters such as blood glucose level, performed physical activity, or feet condition via wearable or mobile devices. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
The search yielded 1981 articles. A total of 26 publications met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Studies predominantly used wearable devices to monitor diabetes-related parameters. The accelerometer was by far the most used sensor, followed by the glucose monitor and heart rate monitor. Most studies applied some type of processing to the collected data, mainly consisting of statistical analysis or machine learning for activity recognition, finding associations among health outcomes, and diagnosing conditions related to diabetes. Few studies have focused on type 2 diabetes, even when this is the most prevalent type and the only preventable one. None of the studies focused on common diabetes complications. Clinical trials were fairly limited or nonexistent in most of the studies, with a common lack of detail about cohorts and case selection, comparability, and outcomes. Explicit endorsement by ethics committees or review boards was missing in most studies. Privacy or security issues were seldom addressed, and even if they were addressed, they were addressed at a rather insufficient level.
The use of mobile and wearable devices for the monitoring of diabetes-related parameters shows early promise. Its development can benefit patients with diabetes, health care professionals, and researchers. However, this field is still in its early stages. Future work must pay special attention to privacy and security issues, the use of new emerging sensor technologies, the combination of mobile and clinical data, and the development of validated clinical trials.
糖尿病是一种代谢紊乱疾病，影响着全球数亿人，并导致每年数百万人死亡。这种戏剧性的情况给行政部门、护理服务和科学界带来了一些压力，促使他们寻求新的解决方案，以帮助控制和有效应对这种疾病及其后果。
本研究旨在回顾关于使用现代移动和可穿戴技术监测影响糖尿病发生或发展的参数的文献。
根据 PRISMA（系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目）指南，对 2010 年 1 月至 2020 年 7 月期间发表的文章进行了系统综述。通过搜索 Web of Science、Scopus 和 PubMed 数据库以及手工搜索来确定手稿。如果手稿涉及通过可穿戴或移动设备测量与糖尿病相关的参数，例如血糖水平、进行身体活动或脚部状况，则将其纳入研究。使用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表评估纳入研究的质量。
搜索结果得到 1981 篇文章。共有 26 篇出版物符合入选标准并纳入综述。研究主要使用可穿戴设备来监测与糖尿病相关的参数。到目前为止，加速度计是使用最多的传感器，其次是血糖仪和心率监测器。大多数研究对收集到的数据进行了某种类型的处理，主要包括统计分析或机器学习，用于活动识别、发现健康结果之间的关联以及诊断与糖尿病相关的疾病。很少有研究关注 2 型糖尿病，即使 2 型糖尿病是最常见的也是唯一可预防的类型。几乎没有研究关注常见的糖尿病并发症。在大多数研究中，临床试验相当有限或不存在，并且通常缺乏关于队列和病例选择、可比性和结果的详细信息。大多数研究都没有明确得到伦理委员会或审查委员会的支持。隐私或安全问题很少被提及，即使被提及，也只是在相当不足的水平上被提及。
使用移动和可穿戴设备监测与糖尿病相关的参数显示出早期的希望。它的发展可以使糖尿病患者、医疗保健专业人员和研究人员受益。然而，该领域仍处于早期阶段。未来的工作必须特别注意隐私和安全问题、新出现的传感器技术的使用、移动和临床数据的结合以及经过验证的临床试验的开发。
