Völter Christiane, Thomas Jan Peter, Maetzler Walter, Guthoff Rainer, Grunwald Martin, Hummel Thomas
Hearing Competence Center, St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ruhr University of Bochum; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St.-Johannes-Hospital, Dortmund; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kiel; Department of Ophthalmology, Düsseldorf University Hospital; Haptic Research Lab, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty of the Universität Leipzig; Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden.
Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021 Jul 26;118(29-30):512-520. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0212.
The senses serve as the crucial interface between the individual and the environment. They are subject to aging and disease processes.
This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search in the Medline and Cochrane Library databases.
Approximately 40% of persons aged 70 to 79 manifest dysfunction in at least one, and more than 25% in multiple senses. Sensory changes are accompanied by diverse comorbidities which depend on the particular sense(s) affected. The presence of sensory deficits is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia (OR: 1.49 [95% confidence interval: 1.12; 1.98] for dysfunction in a single sensory modality, 2.85 [1.88; 4.30] for dysfunction in three or more sensory modalities). The risk of developing depressive symptoms is elevated as well (OR 3.36 [2.28; 4.96]). The individual's ability to cope with the demands of everyday life is largely determined by the ability to carry out multisensory integration, in which the perceptions of the different senses are bound together. This function itself is subject to age-related changes that can be either adaptive or maladaptive; it can, therefore, serve as an indicator for pathological aging processes.
Sensory dysfunction in old age should be detected as early as possible. This implies the need for close collaboration of all of the involved disciplines. It would be desirable to develop sensory screening tests as well as a procedure for testing multisensory integration in routine clinical practice.
感官是个体与环境之间的关键接口。它们会受到衰老和疾病过程的影响。
本综述基于通过在Medline和Cochrane图书馆数据库中进行选择性检索获得的相关出版物。
70至79岁的人群中，约40%至少有一种感官功能障碍，超过25%有多种感官功能障碍。感官变化伴有多种合并症，这取决于受影响的特定感官。感官缺陷的存在与患痴呆症的风险增加相关（单一感官功能障碍的比值比：1.49 [95%置信区间：1.12；1.98]，三种或更多感官功能障碍的比值比：2.85 [1.88；4.30]）。出现抑郁症状的风险也会升高（比值比3.36 [2.28；4.96]）。个体应对日常生活需求的能力很大程度上取决于进行多感官整合的能力，即不同感官的感知结合在一起。这种功能本身会受到与年龄相关的变化影响，这些变化可能是适应性的，也可能是适应不良的；因此，它可以作为病理性衰老过程的一个指标。
老年期的感官功能障碍应尽早被检测出来。这意味着所有相关学科需要密切合作。开发感官筛查测试以及在常规临床实践中测试多感官整合的程序是很有必要的。
