Advanced Hydrogels as Exosome Delivery Systems for Osteogenic Differentiation of MSCs: Application in Bone Regeneration.

Hydrogels are known as water-swollen networks formed from naturally derived or synthetic polymers. They have a high potential for medical applications and play a crucial role in tissue repair and remodeling. MSC-derived exosomes are considered to be new entities for cell-free treatment in different human diseases. Recent progress in cell-free bone tissue engineering via combining exosomes obtained from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with hydrogel scaffolds has resulted in improvement of the methodologies in bone tissue engineering. Our research has been actively focused on application of biotechnological methods for improving osteogenesis and bone healing. The following text presents a concise review of the methodologies of fabrication and preparation of hydrogels that includes the exosome loading properties of hydrogels for bone regenerative applications.