Montoya Carolina, Du Yu, Gianforcaro Anthony L, Orrego Santiago, Yang Maobin, Lelkes Peter I
Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
Department of Endodontology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
Bone Res. 2021 Feb 11;9(1):12. doi: 10.1038/s41413-020-00131-z.
The demand for biomaterials that promote the repair, replacement, or restoration of hard and soft tissues continues to grow as the population ages. Traditionally, smart biomaterials have been thought as those that respond to stimuli. However, the continuous evolution of the field warrants a fresh look at the concept of smartness of biomaterials. This review presents a redefinition of the term "Smart Biomaterial" and discusses recent advances in and applications of smart biomaterials for hard tissue restoration and regeneration. To clarify the use of the term "smart biomaterials", we propose four degrees of smartness according to the level of interaction of the biomaterials with the bio-environment and the biological/cellular responses they elicit, defining these materials as inert, active, responsive, and autonomous. Then, we present an up-to-date survey of applications of smart biomaterials for hard tissues, based on the materials' responses (external and internal stimuli) and their use as immune-modulatory biomaterials. Finally, we discuss the limitations and obstacles to the translation from basic research (bench) to clinical utilization that is required for the development of clinically relevant applications of these technologies.
随着人口老龄化，对促进硬组织和软组织修复、置换或恢复的生物材料的需求持续增长。传统上，智能生物材料被认为是那些对刺激有反应的材料。然而，该领域的不断发展需要重新审视生物材料的智能概念。本综述对“智能生物材料”一词进行了重新定义，并讨论了智能生物材料在硬组织修复和再生方面的最新进展及应用。为了阐明“智能生物材料”一词的用法，我们根据生物材料与生物环境的相互作用水平以及它们引发的生物/细胞反应，提出了四个智能程度，将这些材料定义为惰性、活性、响应性和自主性。然后，我们基于材料的反应（外部和内部刺激）及其作为免疫调节生物材料的用途，对智能生物材料在硬组织中的应用进行了最新综述。最后，我们讨论了将这些技术从基础研究（实验室）转化为临床应用所必需的临床相关应用开发过程中存在的限制和障碍。
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