IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Jun 11;57(6):604. doi: 10.3390/medicina57060604.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly spreading contagious infectious disease caused by the pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that primarily affects the respiratory tract as well as the central nervous system (CNS). SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs through the interaction of the viral protein Spike with the angiotensin II receptor (ACE 2), leading to an increase of angiotensin II and activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase2 (NOX2), resulting in the release of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory molecules. The purpose of the review is to explain that SARS-CoV-2 infection can determine neuroinflammation that induces NOX2 activation in microglia. To better understand the role of NOX2 in inflammation, an overview of its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is provided. To write this manuscript, we performed a PubMed search to evaluate the possible relationship of SARS-CoV-2 infection in NOX2 activation in microglia, as well as the role of NOX2 in NDs. Several studies highlighted that NOX2 activation in microglia amplifies neuroinflammation. To date, there is no clinical treatment capable of counteracting its activation, however, NOX2 could be a promising pharmaceutical target useful for both the treatment and prevention of NDs and COVID-19 treatment.
新型冠状病毒病 2019（COVID-19）是一种由病原体严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）引起的快速传播的传染病，主要影响呼吸道和中枢神经系统（CNS）。SARS-CoV-2 感染通过病毒蛋白 Spike 与血管紧张素 II 受体（ACE2）的相互作用发生，导致血管紧张素 II 增加和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶 2（NOX2）的激活，从而导致活性氧（ROS）和炎症分子的释放。本综述的目的是解释 SARS-CoV-2 感染可以确定神经炎症，诱导小胶质细胞中 NOX2 的激活。为了更好地理解 NOX2 在炎症中的作用，概述了其在神经退行性疾病（NDs）中的作用，如帕金森病（PD）、阿尔茨海默病（AD）和肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）。为了撰写本文，我们进行了 PubMed 搜索，以评估 SARS-CoV-2 感染与小胶质细胞中 NOX2 激活之间的可能关系，以及 NOX2 在 NDs 中的作用。多项研究强调，小胶质细胞中 NOX2 的激活会放大神经炎症。迄今为止，尚无能够对抗其激活的临床治疗方法，但是，NOX2 可能是一种有前途的药物靶点，对 NDs 和 COVID-19 的治疗和预防都有帮助。
