Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
Nutrients. 2021 Jun 29;13(7):2229. doi: 10.3390/nu13072229.
Amino acids are needed for general bodily function and well-being. Despite their importance, augmentation in their serum concentration is closely related to metabolic disorder, insulin resistance (IR), or worse, diabetes mellitus. Essential amino acids such as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been heavily studied as a plausible biomarker or even a cause of IR. Although there is a long list of benefits, in subjects with abnormal amino acids profiles, some amino acids are correlated with a higher risk of IR. Metabolic dysfunction, upregulation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the gut microbiome, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, inflammation, and the collusion of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the indicators and causes of metabolic disorders generating from amino acids that contribute to IR and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes the current understanding of the true involvement of amino acids with IR. Additionally, the involvement of GPCRs in IR will be further discussed in this review.
氨基酸是维持身体正常功能和健康所必需的。尽管它们很重要，但血清浓度的增加与代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗（IR）甚至更严重的糖尿病密切相关。支链氨基酸（BCAAs）等必需氨基酸已被广泛研究，作为 IR 的一种合理生物标志物，甚至是病因。尽管有很多益处，但在氨基酸谱异常的受试者中，一些氨基酸与更高的 IR 风险相关。代谢功能障碍、雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）途径的上调、肠道微生物组、3-羟基异丁酸、炎症以及 G 蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）的协同作用，是导致氨基酸产生 IR 和 2 型糖尿病（T2DM）的代谢紊乱的指标和原因。本综述总结了目前对氨基酸与 IR 真正关系的理解。此外，本综述还将进一步讨论 GPCR 在 IR 中的作用。
