Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Sep 8;11:617. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00617. eCollection 2020.
As important metabolic substrates, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and fatty acids (FAs) participate in many significant physiological processes, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, and inflammation, along with intermediate metabolites generated in their catabolism. The increased levels of BCAAs and fatty acids can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction by altering mitochondrial biogenesis and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and interfering with glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. BCAAs can directly activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway to induce insulin resistance, or function together with fatty acids. In addition, elevated levels of BCAAs and fatty acids can activate the canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and inflammasome and regulate mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disorders through upregulated inflammatory signals. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms through which BCAAs and fatty acids modulate energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation synergistically.
支链氨基酸 (BCAAs) 和脂肪酸 (FAs) 作为重要的代谢底物，参与许多重要的生理过程，如线粒体生物发生、能量代谢和炎症，以及它们分解代谢中产生的中间代谢物。BCAAs 和脂肪酸水平的升高可通过改变线粒体生物发生和三磷酸腺苷 (ATP) 产生以及干扰糖酵解、脂肪酸氧化、三羧酸循环 (TCA 循环) 和氧化磷酸化来导致线粒体功能障碍。BCAAs 可以直接激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白 (mTOR) 信号通路，从而诱导胰岛素抵抗，或与脂肪酸一起发挥作用。此外，BCAAs 和脂肪酸水平的升高可激活经典核因子-κB (NF-κB) 信号通路和炎性小体，并通过上调炎症信号调节线粒体功能障碍和代谢紊乱。本综述全面总结了 BCAAs 和脂肪酸协同调节能量代谢、胰岛素敏感性和炎症的机制。
